| The ongoing processes of global urbanization and industrialization have intensified the impact of human activities on the natural environment,leading to structural imbalances and functional degradation of ecosystems,thereby reducing the capacity to provide ecosystem services.Besides,the growth in population size and human’s pursuit of a better life increase the demand for ecosystem services,thereby leading to the imbalances between supply and demand and spatial dislocation of ecosystem services,restricting the sustainable development of the region.Owing to the hierarchy and complex nature of the ecosystem structure,there exists a scale effect between ecosystem service supply and demand.By assessing the supply and demand of ecosystem services,elucidating their spatial characteristics and influencing factors,it is possible to provide a reference for the optimal allocation and sustainable utilization of regional resources by proposing appropriate management strategies.Taking the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)as the study area,the supply,demand and their matching relationship of five typical ecosystem services(food supply,carbon sequestration,soil conservation,habitat quality and water yield)were scientifically assessed at multiple spatial scales including grid,county,and city levels.By comprehensive use of global spatial autocorrelation analysis,Getis-Ord Gi* analysis and other methods,the spatial aggregation characteristics and interaction relations of ecosystem service supply,demand and the matching of supply and demand at different scales were clarified.The key cross-scale influencing factors of ecosystem service supply and demand were revealed and the scale dependence and spatial heterogeneity of influencing factors were explored through the progressive analysis of "single factor regression—multi-factor global stepwise regression—geographically weighted regression".Finally,based on the concept of zoning,the strategies of zoning management and collaborative governance were proposed.The results showed that:(1)The northern region of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)exhibited higher total food supply(FS)compared to the southern region.Conversely,the southwest region demonstrated higher supplies of carbon sequestration(CS),soil conservation(SC),habitat quality(HQ),and water yield(WY).In terms of demand,the eastern part of the YRD had higher demands for FS,CS,HQ,and WY,while the western part had a higher demand for SC.Deficits in carbon sequestration(CS)were identified in most cities across the YRD,while there was an overall surplus in SC and WY.The northern region showed a surplus in FS,while the eastern region experienced a deficit.Additionally,there was a surplus in HQ in the southwest region and a deficit in the northeast region.(2)Among the three scales,the county scale exhibited the most pronounced spatial agglomeration effect in terms of ecosystem service supply and demand.The spatial agglomeration characteristics of FS varied significantly with scale,whereas the supply of CS and WY demonstrated strong cross-scale transmission.Additionally,the demand for FS and CS exhibited noticeable variations with scale,while the demand for SC displayed limited scale dependence.(3)The trade-offs exist between FS and the other four ecosystem services,whereas the other four services demonstrate synergistic relationships.Besides,there was a negative correlation between the demand for SC and the demand for the other four services,while a positive correlation was observed among the demands of the remaining four services.Across the three scales,the synergies between HQ and SC exhibited the highest strength,while the synergies between CS and WY were relatively low.Furthermore,the positive correlation between the demand for CS and FS was the most pronounced.With an increase in scale from the grid scale to the city scale,the tradeoffs,synergies,and positive correlations between ecosystem service demands initially increased and then decreased.Conversely,the negative correlation between demands experienced an overall increase.(4)The proportion of forest was the key factor affecting the univariate ecosystem service supply across scales;The combined effects of forest proportion,rainfall and NDVI have a strong ability to explain the supply of ecosystem services at three scales.Population density is a key factor affecting the cross-scale demand for ecosystem services.In different scales,forest proportion,NDVI and rainfall had the strongest positive effects on ecosystem service supply in the west,south and north of the YRD,respectively.The effect intensity of ecosystem demand side factors at different spatial scales showed heterogeneity.The mismatch between the distribution of socio-economic and natural factors of ecosystem services results in the mismatch of supply and demand.(5)By considering the matching relationship and degree of coupling coordination between total supply and demand,as well as the ratio of itemized supply and demand and ecosystem services clusters,this study explored the approach of ecological management zoning that connects the county scale and city scale.The city scale comprises four primary-level ecological management zones and seven secondary-level ecological management zones,while the county scale consists of five types of ecological function reserves and five types of optimization and adjustment zones.Based on this,the strategy of ecosystem zone management and ecological space integrated collaborative governance were proposed. |
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