| In order to better cope with the challenges and impacts of climate change on agriculture,Climate Smart Agriculture(CSA)was proposed by FAO in 2010,which aims to achieve sustainable development and food security through the reform and adjustment of agricultural systems in the context of climate change.Its three main objectives are to continuously increase agricultural production and income,to build and improve adaptive capacity for climate change and to reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions.In order to clarify the development level of CSA in various countries and its determinants,this paper summarizes the current situation of the world’s CSA development and the measurement of agricultural total factor productivity based on the research results and theoretical foundations of relevant literature.Next,treating GHG emissions as undesirable output and using a three-staged DEA model,the study derives the Climate Smart Agriculture Total Factor Productivity(CSATFPC)of 100 countries for the period 1961-2016.Finally,according to the STIRPAT model,determinants are selected from the three aspects of population,wealth and technology,and the dynamic panel data model is used to analyze the total factor productivity and its components of CSA in the sample countries.The final conclusions of the research are summarized:(1)the growth of CSATFP is mainly contributed by technological progress,and the improvement of technological efficiency is relatively lagging behind The changes show obvious periodic fluctuations,and the growth is obvious.It can be divided into three stages,namely a slow rise stage,a steady growth stage,and a high-speed growth stage.(2)from a regional perspective,CSATFP in North America has the fastest growth,followed by Africa,Oceania,Europe and South America,and Asia has the slowest growth.Regional efficiency catch-up is one of the main reasons for the improvement of total factor productivity in Afrrica’s CSATFP.(3)Population,planting structure and urbanization have played a significant role in promoting the development of climate-smart agriculture.However,the opening up of agriculture has a significant inhibitory effect on the development of CSA due to the introduction of foreign product competition.(4)The degree of agricultural openness played a significant role in promoting Oceania,the region with the highest agricultural efficiency,while other regions showed a negative effect.In terms of agricultural planting structure,Europe and Asia are more developed regions of agriculture.Simply increasing the area of food planting can no longer increase their CSA total factor productivity. |
