| Ecosystem services are an important source of human well-being,that is to say,human well-being depends on ecosystem services to a certain degree.Changes in ecosystem services will have a significant impact on human well-being.Therefore,properly addressing the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being is central to build an ecological civilization.As an important tool in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy,comprehensive land consolidation(CLC)has a major impact on ecosystem services,which in turn affects the well-being of farmers.Therefore,by quantifying the dependence of human well-being on ecosystem services,this paper studies the impact of CLC on farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services,so as to answer whether CLC can achieve the win-win goal of improving farmers’ well-being and ecological protection.Firstly,based on the framework of sustainable livelihood,this paper reveals the mechanism of CLC on farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.Secondly,on the basis of farmers’ questionnaire data,an index system of ecosystem services dependence is constructed to quantify farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.Thridly,Difference-in-Differences model is used to analyze the impact of CLC on farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.On the basis,CLC is divided into CLC of agricultural scale operation and CLC of agricultural and tourism integrated,Difference-in-Differences model is used to analyze the impact of different type of CLC on farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.Finally,Structural Equation Modelling is used to analyze the mechanism of the impact of CLC on farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.The research conclusions obtained are as follows:(1)CLC can increase farmers’ income and affect farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services,and the impact of CLC varies by type.On the whole,CLC can increase the net income of farmers’ social and economic activities and the total net income of ecosystem services.Among them,the net income of farmers’ supply services and cultural services can be increased,and the net income of regulation services can be decreased.CLC can increase farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services to a certain degree,in which farmers’ dependence on supply services and regulation services can be significantly reduced,and farmers’ dependence on cultural services can be significantly increased.From the perspective of different types,CLC of agricultural scale operation can increase the net income of farmers’ social and economic activities and the total net income of ecosystem services.Among them,the net income of farmers’ supply services can be increased,the net income of regulation services can be decreased,and there is no net income of cultural services temporarily;CLC of agricultural and tourism integrated can increase the net income of farmers’ social and economic activities and the total net income of ecosystem services.Among them,the net income of farmers’ supply services and cultural services can be increased,and the net income of regulation services can be decreased.CLC of agricultural scale operation can reduce farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services to a certain degree,in which farmers’ dependence on supply services is reduced to a certain degree,and the dependence on regulation services is significantly reduced;CLC of agricultural and tourism integrated can significantly increase farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services,in which farmers’ dependence on supply services and regulation services is significantly reduced,and the dependence on cultural services is significantly increased.(2)CLC affects farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services by affecting their livelihood capital and livelihood strategy.The specific impact mechanism is as follows:(1)CLC improves the livelihood capital of farmers.CLC improves the human capital of farmers by affecting the labor skill levels;enhances the physical capital of farmers by affecting the overall quality of rural housing and the status of public facilities in the village;improves the financial capital of farmers by affecting the household savings and the convenience of borrowing;enhances the social capital of farmers by affecting the trust relationship between farmers,the communication between farmers and village cadres,and the social circle of farmers.(2)CLC promotes the transformation of farmers’ livelihood strategies.There are two main pathways for the impact of CLC on farmers’ livelihood strategies: First,CLC directly affects farmers’ livelihood strategies,which means that CLC directly promotes farmers’ livelihood strategies from traditional small-scale agricultural operation to agricultural scale operation or local agricultural employment,rural industrial integration or local non-agricultural employment.Second,CLC indirectly affects farmers’ livelihood strategies.CLC indirectly affects farmers’ livelihood strategies by affecting livelihood capital.Specifically,through the improvement of physical capital,CLC promotes farmers’ livelihood strategies from traditional small-scale agricultural operation to rural industrial integration or local non-agricultural employment;through the improvement of financial capital,it promotes farmers’ livelihood strategies from traditional small-scale agricultural operation to rural industrial integration or local non-agricultural employment or non-local employment;through the improvement of social capital,it promotes farmers’ livelihood strategies from traditional small-scale agricultural operation to agricultural scale operation or local agricultural employment,rural industrial integration or local non-agricultural employment or non-local employment.(3)CLC significantly affects farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services.CLC indirectly affects farmers’ dependence on ecosystem services by affecting their livelihood strategies.The livelihood strategies of traditional small-scale agricultural operation and agricultural scale operation or local agricultural employment increase farmers’ dependence on supply services,and reduce farmers’ dependence on cultural services and regulation services to a certain degree;the livelihood strategies of rural industrial integration or local non-agricultural employment significantly reduce farmers’ dependence on supply services and regulation services,and significantly increase farmers’ dependence on cultural services;the livelihood strategy of non-local employment significantly reduces farmers’ dependence on supply services,cultural services and regulation services.Based on the above findings,this paper makes the following recommendations:firstly,CLC should be promoted to realize the rural revitalization strategy;secondly,various safeguard measures should be provided to enhance the livelihood capital of farmers;thirdly,land transfer should be promoted in an orderly manner to develop agricultural operation on a moderate scale;fourthly,the participation mechanism of rural tourism should be improved to build a countryside that is beautiful and pleasant;fifthly,farmers should be guided to engage in moderate part-time employment and carry out diversified livelihood activities. |
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