Research On The Utilization Of Urban Water Resources In Shaanxi In The Qing Dynasty

Water,as a dynamic renewable limited resource,is not only the cradle of life,but also the important material basis of urban development.Shaanxi has obvious climate difference and outstanding characteristics.Combing the utilization mode of urban water resources in Shaanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty,and probing into its characteristics of water use,is of great significance to enrich the content of ancient urban water use,solve the problem of modern urban water use,and provide historical reference.In the Qing Dynasty,Shaanxi's urban water resources were mainly composed of river runoff and a small number of other water bodies,including shallow groundwater and surface pool water.In terms of the location relationship between rivers and cities,according to whether there is a river near the city,cities and water resources can be divided into six types:one side facing water,two sides facing water,three sides facing water,four sides surrounded by water,four sides without water,and rivers passing through the city.From the horizontal dimension of the relationship between river water volume and city,the rivers near the city are divided into three categories,namely "?","?" and "?",according to the amount of river runoff and the distribution of branch and trunk flow.The average number of various rivers in the region is taken as one of the standards to measure the urban water volume,and then the cities in each region are divided into high,medium and low according to the overall situation of water resources,grasping the situation of urban water resources from the horizontal dimension.In the utilization of urban water resources,it can be divided into two categories:domestic water and production water.Around all aspects of daily life of urban residents,including drinking water,bathing,medicine,fire prevention,etc.According to the source of water,drinking water can be divided into three categories,i.e."drinking water by drilling a well,impoundment in the sky,and swabbing water for diversion channnel".According to the characteristics of water quality,the use of drinking water is different.Hot spring water,as a geothermal resource,not only can be used for bathing,but also has the medicinal effect of treating sore and chronic disease.In Qing Dynasty,the fire control system in Shaanxi was not perfect,and most of the buildings were made of wood and bamboo.Water was particularly important for fire fighting,.Second,production water covers agriculture,handicraft industry and commerce.In the feudal small-scale peasant society with agriculture as the foundation of the country and relying on the heaven for food,Shaanxi,as the northwest region with relatively scarce water resources,the focus of urban production water is still to rely on rich agricultural production experience,summarize agricultural technology of the past dynasties,cut channels for water diversion,build weirs for water diversion,so as to continuously meet the daily needs of residents.In terms of the purpose of urban water use,Shaanxi handicraft industry in Qing Dynasty was not completely separated from agriculture.The main purpose of water power,such as waterwheel and water mill,was to serve for farmland irrigation,and a small part of it went into local manual production.Commercial water is mainly sold in water,skin washing and water transportation.Thirdly,as a special cultural element,water is the carrier and symbol used by scholars to create landscapes and express their emotions.Therefore,it widely exists in academies,temples and public gardens,and even some unique natural water bodies interact with the surrounding environment,forming a natural landscape of water resources,which is praised by scholars.Through combing and summarizing the experience of water resources utilization in Shaanxi in Qing Dynasty,we can get the following three enlightenment:First of all,urban planning and development must fully consider the conditions of water resources,take a variety of ways to comprehensively solve the problem of urban water resources.Secondly,we should attach great importance to the construction and implementation of flood control works in cities near the river.Finally,an effective water resource utilization and management system is an important guarantee for the long-term use of water and the full exploitation of the long-term interests of water resources.Although the development of modern urban water conservancy system is far from ancient times,the accumulated experience and lessons of urban water resources utilization in the past thousand years are still valuable wealth.It is like a mirror,which is of great significance to the utilization of urban water resources in Northwest China and even in the whole country.