Research On The Garrison Of Tibet In Qing Dynasty（1793-1911）

The most important issue of sovereignty is the establishment of officers and troops.The Qing dynasty administers the Tibet area,in addition to the two major systems of the Dalai and Panchen Lama,the Lifan Yuan organizes the annual pilgrimage,and more importantly,it has repeatedly used troops,stationed troops and dispatched ministers in Tibet to ensure that the central government has Local sovereignty.The Tibetan garrison is roughly divided into three parts: Tibetan,Chinese and Damu Mongolia soldiers.The sources of food and payment,responsibilities,garrison locations,and methods of changing defenses are different for the three,but they are all dispatched by Amban in Tibet.The 3,000 Tibetan troops were established in the “Twenty-Nine Articles of the Regulations for Rehabilitation in Tibet” in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong（1793）;more than 1,400 Chinese soldiers were established on the basis of stations along the Sichuan-Tibet line.There are also 84 Damu Mongolia officers and soldiers stationed in Lhasa all year round.The above-mentioned size of troops was maintained until the new army was organized and trained in Tibet in the late Qing Dynasty.Regarding the daily drills of the Tibetan garrison,Amban carries out two tasks throughout the year,namely,the spring and autumn exercises in the former Tibet and the inspection of the three floods in the latter.The two ministers stationed in Tibet both work in Lhasa.The military parades in spring and autumn are more convenient,and the rewards are richer.However,there are acts of misappropriation and borrowing of official assets by the Yiqing Zhangjing and the grain staff;as for the collection after the inspection,there is a complete set of documents The reporting procedure involves specific walking routes,the use of the Ula,and the inspection of the border Obo stacking situation,etc.Behind the highly formatted official documents,there is an important symbolic meaning,that is,the boundary of the Qing government’s exercise of power in Tibet,reflecting the internal relationship between Amban,the Dalai Lama,the Panchen,and the Gaxag government of Tibet and the Qing government.After Daoguang to Xianfeng emperor reign period,Tibet began to be harassed by the British and Indian governments.In view of this,Amban began to adjust the border defenses in Tibet and made adjustments to the regulations of the Tibetan military barracks several times.Among them,the British invaded Tibet twice in 1888 and 1904,demanding that Tibet open the trade ports of Yadong,Gyangze,and Gadak.The Qing government took advantage of this to set up an official garrison at Yadongguan and shifted the focus of the Tibetan army from Gyangze to the south Go to Pakri area;the 13 th Dalai Lama in the late Qing Dynasty fled Lhasa twice,the Qing government dispatched Zhang Yintang,Lianyu and others to “rectify Tibetan politics” and adopted a series of measures to“recover power”,especially the use of Western style to train the new army,to a certain extent,consolidated the sovereignty of the Qing court in Tibet,which was later interrupted by the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911.