Establishment And Application Of Reward-penalty Mechanism For Zeroenergy PV Grid-connected Residential Buildings/communities

In response to the current increasingly severe energy and environmental issues,countries around the world have reached a consensus to replace fossil energy with renewable energy.The construction industry has long expected to meet this severe challenge by rationally using renewable energy to achieve zero-energy buildings/communities.In order to promote the application of renewable energy systems in buildings,this paper establishes a new financial incentive mechanism to ensure the economic benefits of building users who install renewable energy systems through rewards and punishments.This paper takes the grid-connected rooftop PV system as an example,and establishes a reward-penalty mechanism(RPM)suitable for ordinary multi-storey residential buildings/communities in hot summer and cold winter areas according to the design theory of RPM.The designer of the PV system can select an appropriate ZEB/C level for the building or community according to the installation conditions of the building or community’s PV system and the economic capacity of the building users,and then design the PV system based on the ZEB/C level.The RPM can reward and punish each building/community according to the ZEB/C level actually achieved each year,that is,bonuses or fines are collected.Therefore,the RPM can encourage ordinary users to participate more in the application of renewable energy systems and promote the popularization and application of renewable energy systems in buildings.Research indicates:(1)When there is no RPM,under the higher and lower ZEC levels,the factors affecting the conventional total cost of the building/community are the grid electricity cost and the initial PV investment respectively.And in the range of 0～0.2ZEB/C,the conventional total cost will gradually decrease as the ZEB/C level increases.In the range of 0.2～1.2ZEB/C,the conventional total cost will gradually increase with the increase of the ZEB/C level;(2)In the reward-penalty schemes of P1,P2,P3,and P4,building users can get bonuses from designs with ZEB/C levels higher than 0.2,0.4,0.4,and 0.6 respectively.The application results in different energy consumption and different types of buildings show that the robustness of the P3 and P4 schemes is relatively strong,followed by P1,and the weakest is P2.Under the RPM,the impact of the four dynamic parameters(i.e.,grid electricity price,photovoltaic installation cost,solar radiation,and ambient temperature)on the total building cost is in the order: P1/P2: grid electricity price> PV installation cost> solar radiation> ambient temperature;P3/ P4: grid electricity price>solar radiation> PV installation cost > ambient temperature;(3)In the RPM of community,the reward strength of RPM II(based on the total energy consumption of community and the theoretical model of reward-penalty function)is greater than RPM I(established by applying the RPM of building to each building in the community).And with the increase of electricity price,the adjustment effect of RPM I on the total cost will become weaker.At the same time,the higher the ZEC level,the slower the total cost will increase with the grid electricity price.In the RPM II,due to the difference in the electricity consumption characteristics of each building,the adjustment effect of the RPM on each building is different,but on the whole,with the increase of electricity price or building energy consumption,the strength of reward-penalty gradually decreases;(4)In the community-building cost allocation,the cost of most buildings under the RPM II is lower than that of the RPM I.In the building-household cost allocation,household costs can be allocated according to method a(average allocation)and method b(according to the proportion of household energy consumption in building energy consumption).The results show that households and buildings are being allocated by methods i(according to the proportion of energy consumption),ii(according to the ZEB level),iii(considering the proportion of energy consumption and ZEB level at the same time),and iv(according to the RPM of building),the order of the allocated costs is the same.