The Influence Of Takeaway Food Consumption To Heavy Metal Levels In Human Blood And Urine

Heavy metal contamination is ubiquitous in our daily life.Heavy metals can enter human body by inhalation,diet and skin absorption,and then may induce potential healthy risk.Due to the rapid development of internet website,takeaway food is very popular nowadays,especially for the young people.It is very important to evaluate heavy metal exposure levels for those young people as they are responsible for the quality of our population in near future.In the present study,we had college students as a case,to evaluate the influence of takeaway food consumption on the concentration levels or profiles of heavy metals in human urine and blood,and potential healthy risk(oxidative stress).All 297 recruited students were divided into two groups based on the frequency of takeaway food consumption per week,which were case group(≥ 7 meals per week)and control group(< 7 meals per week).Once questionnaire collection finished,human urine and whole blood(in 10 minutes)were sampled for all the volunteers.Thirty four heavy metals in urine and blood were determined in our study,including beryllium(Be),boron(B),sodium(Na),magnesium(Mg),aluminum(Al),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),titanium(Ti),vanadium(V),chrome(Cr),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe),cobalt(Co),nickel(Ni),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),gallium(Ga),arsenic(As),selenium(Se),rubidium(Rb),strontium(Sr),zirconium(Zr),molybdenum(Mo),silver(Ag),cadmium(Cd),tin(Sn),antimony(Sb),cesium(Cs),barium(Ba),platinum(Pt),gold(Au),mercury(Hg),thallium(Tl),and lead(Pb).The urine samples were diluted directly by nitric acid(1.00%),while the whole blood samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid(67.0%)by microwave digestion.All isovolumetric samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The creatinine concentrations in urine were detected to adjust the dilution effects of urine volume to the concentrations of heavy metals.In addition,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHd G),a marker of DNA oxidative damage in urine,can partly reflect the influence of human oxidative stress by the consumption of takeaway food.Here,itw was quantified by Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC/MS/MS)after directly dilution.The followings are several results of our study:(1)The concentration levels of 12 urinary heavy metals(i.e.,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,As,Se,Rb,Zr,Mo,Cd,Cs)and 2 bloody heavy metals(Ti,As)were significantly correlated with the frequency of takeaway food consumption.(2)The concentration levels of four urinary metals(Cu,Cr,Ba,Pb)were highly influenced with the urinary 8-OHd G concentrations(Ln-transformed,p<0.01**).(3)The consumption of takeaway food and application of dinnerware materials were coherent with levels of eighteen elements(Ti,V,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,As,Se,Rb,Sr,Zr,Mo,Cd,Sb,Cs,Hg,Pb,Sn)in blood and 14 metals(V,Cr,Co,Ga,Se,Mo,Sn,Sb,Cs,Ba,Tl,Pb,Zr,Sr)in urine.For examples,the values of urinary metals were affected by the frequent absorption of paper dinnerware(7 elements),stewed food(6 elements)and fired food(1element);on the other side,the concentration of bloody elements were associated with the continual digestion of stewed food(6 elements),Chinese fast food(6 elements),spice hot pot(4 elements)and disposable spoon(3 elements).(4)Based on multivariate logistics regressive analysis,all models had been adjusted with covariant(i.e.takeout duration,gender,smoke,usage of eyes cream),and results displayed below.The frequent consumption of takeaway food was related to the values of Cs(coefficients β: 1.894-3.912,p<0.05),Zr(β: 2.069-5.022,p<0.05),Cu(β: 1.923-2.267,p<0.05),Cd(β: 1.921-3.025,p<0.05)in urine and Ti(β: 2.400-3.431,p<0.05),As(β: 2.516-2.985,p<0.05)in blood.In addition,the continual adsorption of stewed food(porridge,noodles)had strengthened the increased tendency of Cs(β: 1.775-2.979,p<0.05),Se(β:1.931-2.008,p<0.05),V(β: 1.881-2.644,p<0.05)in urine and Mo(β: 2.074-2.174,p<0.05)in blood.Finally,the consumption of fired food was coherent with Zr(β: 2.714-3.248,p<0.05)in urine,and bloody concentration Ga(β: 1.867-1.935,p<0.05)values still was correlated with usage of disposable spoon for college students.To sum up,our results indicated frequently eating takeaway food was related to human exposure to heavy metals,especially for Cs,Zr,Cu,Cd,Ti and As.In addition,the concentrations of four elements(Cu,Cr,Ba,Pb)in urine were coherent with the continual consumption of takeaway food,which was indirectly associated with the risk of oxidative stress in human body.Finally,takeaway food and dinnerware were important sources for human exposure to heavy metals(Ga,Cs,Se,V,Mo,Zr),and the contents of heavy metals in the stewed(porridge flour)food,fired food,Chinese fast food,disposable spoon and paper dinnerware need to be strictly monitored.