| With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China,the pollution caused by livestock farming has become increasingly prominent,which has caused great pressure on the environment and gradually become the bottleneck of the development of livestock and poultry breeding in China.The Chinese government attaches great importance to utilization of livestock manure resources as a way to effectively control pollution from livestock farming.The No.1 Documents of the CPC Central Committee for the seven consecutive years from 2015-2021 related to livestock manure resource utilization,and the 2021 Document No.1 highlighted the need to vigorously promote its utilization to address prominent problems in the rural environment.Farmers,as the main implementers of livestock manure utilization,whose behavior directly affects the effectiveness of livestock pollution controls.The government intervenes in a variety of ways to standardize and encourage their livestock manure utilization behavior.These measures have greatly promoted China’s livestock manure resource utilization.Regarding utilization methods,China has ended the traditional model dominated by a single method and realized development of multiple and compound utilization models.However,from the perspective of utilization degree,the comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure in China was only 70% by the end of 2018(Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,2019).Even according to the 80% utilization rate of 2025 predicted by National Development and Reform Commission,there are still a considerable amount of livestock manure not been effectively utilized.In this context,it is of great practical significance to discuss the influence of environmental regulation on farmers’ livestock manure resource utilization behavior.There are many researches on the impact of environmental regulation on farmers’ livestock manure resource utilization behavior.However,the definition of farmers’ livestock manure resource utilization behavior is relatively single in the relevant literature.And most of them are simply characterized by farmers’ choice of resource utilization methods,while less attention is paid to the more realistic resource utilization degree.In addition,there are few systematic studies on the impact of environmental regulation on farmers’ livestock manure resource utilization behavior.Most of them focus on the impact analysis of a single regulation,and lack the effect comparison of different types of regulations.Therefore,based on survey data of 823 hog farmers in Hebei,Henan and Shaanxi,China,this paper approaches environmental regulation from three dimensions: imperative,incentive,and guiding regulation,further divides livestock manure resource utilization into two aspects:method selection and utilization degree,and employs the multivariate Probit and Tobit models to explore the effects of multidimensional environmental regulation on farmers’ utilization behavior towards livestock manure resources,thereby extending related research and providing beneficial reference for livestock manure resource utilization practice.The results show that(1)Farmers’ choice of utilization methods is diversified,and fertilizer-oriented utilization is the main way.In the process of livestock manure utilization,farmers often use a variety of ways at the same time,and the farmers who choose two combination ways are the most.The four utilization methods,in descending order of farmers’ adoption ratio,are fertilizer-oriented utilization,energy-oriented utilization,third-party utilization and feed-oriented utilization.In addition,direct discharge is still one of the main choices for farmers,which is second only to fertilizer-oriented utilization.(2)Mutual influences exist among the selection of different utilization methods: a substitution effect exists between farmers’ choice of discharge and their choice of energy,fertilizer,and third-party utilization;a substitution effect exists between their choice of energy-oriented utilization and fertilizer or third-party utilization;and a complementary effect exists between their choice of feed-oriented utilization and fertilizer or third-party utilization.(3)Environmental regulation has positive effects both on farmers’ selection of utilization method and utilization degree.In terms of mode selection,although there are differences in the role of different dimensions of environmental regulation,on the whole,environmental regulation has a significant inhibitory effect on farmers’ choice of direct discharge mode,and has a significant promoting effect on farmers’ choice of resource utilization mode.As far as utilization degree is concerned,imperative and guiding regulation have larger effects than incentive regulation in promoting farmers’ utilization degree of livestock manure.(4)Among the control variables,whether the family is engaged in the planting industry has an excellent performance in promoting farmers’ selection of resource utilization mode,which has a significant role in promoting the selection of fertilizer-oriented utilization,energy-oriented utilization and feed-oriented utilization except for the third-party utilization,and also has a significant positive impact on farmers’ utilization degree.In addition,other control variables,such as age,breeding income proportion,the number of household labors,also have certain influence both on farmers’ selection of utilization method and utilization degree. |
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