| Cuscuta is a typical stem holoparasitic plant.The leaves and roots of Cuscuta plants become vestigial.They acquire all nutrients for growth and development from the host plants.Cuscuta plants are extremely harmful to the host plants,causing the host plant to be short,stunted,and withered,and even death.How to prevent and control Cuscuta parasitic plants has become a research focus in agriculture.Till now,there is no research on the ecological niche models analysis and global distribution prediction of the holoparasitic Cuscuta plants and their hosts.Among the existing tools of ecological niche models(ENMs),the maximum entropy(Maxent)method is one of the most widely used methods for predicting species distribution,and has been used in many aspects at home and abroad.This study uses the Maxent model to explore the potential global distribution of the five main Cuscuta speciesand their two Leguminosae hosts in the context of global climate factors and soil factors.We aim to predict the common distribution areas of the main Cuscuta species of and their hosts and the areas where Cuscuta species mainly bring risks to host plants.These results will provide important theoretical basis for the control of Cuscuta plants and the protection and management of host plants.The main results are shown as follows:1.Climate factors had greater impacts on the distribution of five main Cuscuta species and two Leguminosae species,while soil factors had less impacts on the distribution of five main species of Cuscuta and two species of Leguminosae.Among them,annual mean temperature and isothermal property are the important climatic factors affecting their distribution.2.The prediction results show that from the last glacial maximum to the mid-Holocene then to 1960-1990,the highest suitable area(> 0.75)of Cuscuta chinensis,Cuscuta europaea,and Cuscuta approximata in the mid-Holocene was the largest during the three periods,indicating that the Cuscuta plants were more widely distributed in the mid-Holocene.The highest suitable area of Leguminosae Glycine max and Medicago sativa is the largest in the last glacial maximum,indicating that there were more legumes distributed in the last glacial maximum.3.From the last glacial maximum to the mid-Holocene to 1960-1990,the predicted suitable area of C.approximate and M.sativa increased.The main Cuscuta plants impacting G.max are C.chinensis and C.europaea.From the last glacial maximum to the mid-Holocene to 1960-1990,the predicted suitable area of C.europaea and G.max reduced first and then increased.From the last glacial maximum to the mid-Holocene,the predicted subitalbe area of C.chinensis and G.max reduced,indicating that the distribution of parasitic plants correlated with the distribution of their host plants.4.In the future,the total area of C.chinensis,C.europaea and G.max with high survival suitability(0.5-1)is maximum at RCP2.6.In the context of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0,and RCP8.5,the suitable areas(0.5-1)of C.chinensis and G.max showed a decreasing trend.C.chinensis and C.europaea are the two main Cuscuta species parasitizing G.max.The suitable survival scenarios of both species are consistent.And the higher suitable areas(0.5-1)of C.chinensis and G.max were also consistent in the contexts of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0 and RCP8.5,indicating that the distribution of parasitic plants and hosts affected each other.5.Predicting the niche overlap regions and areas of the suitable habitats of the five Cuscuta species and G.max and M.sativa hosts in the context of RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0,and RCP8.5.To better protect G.max and M.sativa,in the context of future RCP2.6,the main reigons for the control of Cuscuta plants were listed as follows: Nepal,Myanmar,Vietnam,North Korea,South Korea,Japan,New Zealand,Laos,eastern Madagascar,northwestern India,Countries in western Europe,northwestern Africa,northern Iran,northwestern and southern United States,southwestern and eastern Canada,and northern,central,eastern,and southern China. |
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