Research On "Alienation Relationship" Of Tourism Stakeholders In Historic And Culture District

During its development,historical and cultural district is confronted with such problems as the closing of the sense of place caused by local changes,the ambiguity of the rights and responsibilities of the protection and utilization subjects caused by the separation of the central and local legal systems,the imperfection of the property right system hinders the innovation of the development model of the cultural blocks,and the imbalance of the power structure leads to the conflicts among the various interest subjects,and so forth.The relationship structure of stakeholders is closely related to the local construction of historical and cultural blocks,the shaping of life style,the development of industrial models and the provision of public services.Furthermore,the structure and effectiveness of the relationship network are affected by the position demands,participation ability and behavior logic of each stakeholder.As a result,in order to optimize the rationality and effectiveness of stakeholder participation model in the development of tourism industry,it is necessary to study the structure effect of the relationship network and the behavior of the stakeholders.First of all,the formal interest relationship and the informal identity relationship are the important foundation of forming the network of stakeholders.By taking the ancient city of Quanzhou as an example,Exponential Random Graph Model(ERGM)in the social network analysis is used by the author.And by analyzing the interest relation network,the identification relation network,as well as mutual relation network between the interest and identification of the tourism stakeholders with the method of net structure effect and the actor relationship effect,the author drew the following conclusions:(1)With the view of network compactness,the ancient city of Quanzhou has a lower network compactness of interest than that of identity and the interaction of interest and identity.(2)From the perspective of network transitive effect,the transitive effect of interest network and identity network is prominent and does not have the effect of circular closure,while the transitive effect of interest and identity interactive network is not obvious.(3)From the perspective of network core edge effect,the interest-oriented interactive network and identity-oriented interactive network do not have an obvious characteristics of the core edge effect.Furthermore,based on the analysis of the aggregation sub-group and adjacency matrix of the single network,it is found that the interest network has more sub-cliques and has a high degree of centrality,in which the local government and enterprises have the highest centrality and are the central stakeholders.(4)From the perspective of network middleman effect,the control effect of the network middleman is not significant with regard to interest relationship and identity relationship network,but there are still some structural holes.The investors of tourism development and media play a central role in the two networks.(5)From the perspective of actor-relationship effect,the stakeholders who have more resource advantages in the benefit network are more willing to establish more outward-oriented benefit relationships.The negative sender effect in the identity network represents that the stakeholders with low marginal identity are more willing to express their identity to other stakeholders.The positive receiver effect indicates that the stakeholders with high sense of identity have more prestige and more opportunity to accept the positive sense of identity.Secondly,according to Jaeggi’s reconstruction of the concept of alienation in social critical theory,three characteristics of the pattern of alienation relations among stakeholders are put forward.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of stakeholder networks in the previous chapter as well as the interviews of stakeholders,the author summarizes the behavioral logic of various stakeholders and will explain how the dissimilation of the main action of the stakeholders leads to the formation of the dissimilation pattern.The results are as follows:(1)The behavior logic of government governance is based on "multiple system logic".The functional departments limited by objective responsibility(local bureaus of culture and tourism)have to rely on external resources in the tension between task pressure and limited resources as well as competition with other departments.So its behavioral decisions are affected by the contradiction between performance and legitimacy.(2)Under the institutional framework of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics,the government dominates the development of local industries.Through constantly encouragement from the central and local project systems,the government introduce projects to promote the development of these industries.Therefore,the government and the developer enterprise form the stable long-term effect growth relations,occupying the superiority in the stakeholder network.(3)The lack of legal system and the insufficient ability of community members to participate make the community in a passive position.The heterogeneity of community members also leads to the importance gap in the stakeholder network within the community.(4)The pressure groups themselves are less active in tourism development,but it can influence industrial policy making because of its professional attribute and social influence.The conflict between the position and behavior logic of each stakeholder leads to the low density and high centrality of the stakeholder network.The central stakeholder can control more resources which have high influence while the marginal stakeholders are weak in action,which shows the network pattern of alienation: The main body is weak in action ability and under the command and influence of others.It also lacks the effective support of external relations.Finally,based on the characteristics of the relationship network and the conflicts of the stakeholders’ actions,the strategies of optimizing the relationship network are proposed,which are as follows:(1)By optimizing the governance of spatial structure,a "space interest community" is formed by stakeholders with reasonable structure,efficient function and ecological optimization at the level of space production and distribution of rights and interests.(2)In order to realize community empowerment,it’s crucial to gain “right” from macro-law,"power" from meso-system,and "capacity" and "rights and interests" from micro-mechanism so as to promote “empowerment” of individuals,organizations and communities.(3)By giving full play to the role of organic intellectuals,we can strengthen the position and significance of the interest subject in the field of social power game in cultural politics,so that the real subject has the ability to get rid of the disadvantageous position of marginalization and the differences discussed in the decision will be respected.