The Rise And Decline Of Investigative Reporting And Journalistic Value Change In The Muckraking Movement In American

At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century,the United States transitioned from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism,and large consortia of complete monopolies or oligopolies appeared in all walks of life.Monopoly has led to many social problems such as factory closures,worker unemployment,skyrocketing prices,and rising crime rates.In this issue,the US newspaper industry is in the transition period from yellow news to new journalism based on objective reporting.Upton Sinclair,Ida Tarbell,Lincoln Steffens,Ray Stannard Baker,Rachel Carson and other reporters used investigative reporting tools derived from the yellow news period to explore many of the monopolies caused by the development of American capitalism.Social issues and deep-seated contradictions,written The Jungle,The History of the Standard Oil,The Shame of the City,The Right to Work,Silent Spring and other investigative reports,continuously published in McClure's Magazine,New York Times and other newspapers and periodicals,exposing American companies in transition Social issues such as monopolies,corruption between officials and businessmen,and labor-management conflicts have produced a sensational effect,pulling away the “black Expose "campaign.In the shady American whistle-blowing campaign,McClure's Magazine,Collier's,Cosmopolitan,New York Times and other newspapers and serials are known to expose the social scandals in the formation of American monopoly capitalism.A series of investigative reports by Muckraker's reporters,inheriting the tradition of North America's colonial political newspapers focusing on current affairs and social changes,and conforming to the newspapers and newspapers advocated by the American newspapers during the new journalism period where yellow news is objectively reporting excessively to the objective Serving the call for social reform,abandoning the investigative reporting method of "sensationalism" during the yellow news period,from interesting social news to serious political topics,and from pursuing "sensational" effects to "people's fighters" The reporting philosophy of appealing to social public tools has made investigative reporting methods based on theobjective journalism more perfect and mature,becoming the main genre of American news writing.In the U.S.shady disclosure campaign,a series of investigative reports published by the "Explode the Ugly" reporter in the McClure's Magazine form their own textual characteristics: political topical selections are blunt and disadvantageous,the narrative perspective is novel,and the materials for demonstrating the ugly are detailed and sufficient Reflects the transformation of the newspaper industry from the "sensational" reporting path to the "people's fighter" reporting concept during the new American journalism.McClure's Magazine published a series of investigative reports The History of the Standard Oil that Ida Tarbell spent five years writing,exposing the monopoly of the US oil industry and related to the process of the Rockefeller oil empire.The description of monopolistic behavior can be described as deafening;The Shame of the City,written by Lincoln Stephens,exposes the collusion between monopoly capital officials and businessmen,which has become a chronic issue and is a topical and well-reported investigative report;Ray Stannard Baker's unique experiential report The Right to Work,exposes the US industrial disputes of monopoly capitalism.The pioneer reporters of "Muckrakers" represented by Ida Tarbell,Lincoln Stephens and Ray Stannard Baker bluntly wrote a series of investigative reports to reveal the truth and the roots of social scandals caused by monopolies.It has caused all circles of American society to pay attention to these social issues,promote the promulgation and implementation of American antitrust laws and related laws and regulations;promote the improvement of investigative reporting and news concepts;open American realist literature and promote the integration of American journalism and literature.The U.S.undercover campaign has established the mainstream status of investigative reports and "uncovering ugly news" in newspapers and radio programs since the 1920 s and 1930 s.In particular,investigative reports in the 1950 s and 1960 s flooded various television channels,so that the investigative methods were so It will soon become the cliche of so-called normative news reports.The dynamic reporting style of television has gradually become a modeled report,that is,"fauxinvestigations",which are driven by celebrities and hype about the results of an organization,thus diluting or weakening the power and power of investigation reports Credibility and its normative news skills for reporting serious political topics.The "Watergate Incident" in 1972 can be described as the "revelation of ugly news" and the renaissance of investigative news reports,while facing the challenges of new media technology and media ecological environment and the pursuit of visualization and visualization of programs by radio,television and Internet new media.Next,investigative reports that this "heavyweight" weapon was once again ignored.At the same time,under various pretexts,the government and interest groups have suppressed “uncovering ugly” investigative news.The investigative news and its reporting philosophy that flourished in the shady whistle-blower movement have changed,and investigative reports have been declining for several times.This triggered social and academic rethinking and controversy about how the media can more effectively guide public opinion and exert democratic functions.Through the text analysis of the representative works of the three reporters of McClure's Magazine during the U.S.Shady Disclosure Movement,this paper sorts out and reflects on the academic debates about the rise and fall of the "exposing ugliness" investigative journalism and the changes in its reporting concepts,aiming to explain that Only works that reflect the theme of the times and conform to the pragmatic laws of news reports can become popular works.The controversy about the rise and fall of investigative reporting and the change of its reporting concept in the context of the shady disclosure of the United States provides a useful inspiration for the Chinese press: in promoting democracy and legal construction and the healthy development of the economy,the strategy for investigating and writing investigative reports is enriched Enhancing journalists' sense of professional mission and their social status and influence,and strengthening the media's supervision of social functions and credibility are the desirable ways of developing investigative journalism in China.