The Urbanization Background Of The Rise Of Medieval Universities In Europe

Medieval universities,as the origin of modern universities,were conceived in the 11 th century,came into being in the 12 th century,and reached their peak in the 13 th century.According to the literature,medieval universities were originally created in Italy,France and England in the 12 th century,and were established on the original educational organization.The world's first university was the University of Polya,which was founded in Italy in 1087.Later,European universities began to be established successively,such as the university of Oxford and Cambridge in Britain,the university of Arezzo,the university of Padua in Italy,and the university of Paris in France.Until the 14 th century,there were 65 universities in Europe.The emergence of medieval universities was a product of the interaction of various factors in society,such as the development of industry and commerce,the rise of cities,the Crusades and so on,which all played an important role to varying degrees.The article mainly studies the relationship between medieval universities and cities,and conducts a relatively comprehensive analysis of medieval universities and cities from political,economic,social and cultural aspects.This paper mainly uses the method of documentation and historical analysis to analyze the relationship between universities and cities in the Middle Ages on the basis of searching and sorting out documentation and combining the research works at home and abroad.Universities works on medieval universities include Hastings Rashdall's The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,followed by French scholar Jacques Verger's Les Universites Au Moyen Age,which is an authoritative work on medieval universities.The internal organization of the university is described in detail.Universities in the Middle Ages,edited by Walter Ruegg,is also a classic work in this respect.The earliest works in China are the translation of A History of Education: During the Middle Ages and the Transition to Modern Times by American educational historian Graves and the History of Foreign Education by Cao Fu in 1962.The article mainly through the following four aspects to summarize..In terms of urban economy,the development of urban economy provides a material basis for the rise and development of universities,which is mainly reflected in two aspects.On the one hand,the development of urban economy has strengthened the intellectual class and attracted more scholars to study in universities.On the other hand,the development of cities has increased the demand for professionals from all walks of life,and universities pay more attention to the cultivation of professional talents.At the same time,universities also played an important role in the urban economy.Medieval universities provided large numbers of graduates for cities and churches,who could use their talents in society after graduation.In urban politics,urban autonomy is an important factor in the development of university.Urban autonomy accelerated the development of autonomous organizations in universities,and autonomous organizations such as guilds began to appear.University judicial autonomy is also one of the achievements brought by the development of urban autonomy.At the same time,the influence of universities in Europe is very important.On the one hand,universities exist as public opinion institutions to coordinate the relations of all parties;on the other hand,they break down the barriers of church power and promote academic freedom.In urban society,the influence of cities on universities is divided into two aspects: urban security and life infrastructure construction.In the middle ages,people became more and more aware of security and began to gradually strengthen the city defense measures to provide a stable external environment for the development of universities.While ensuring safety,the increasingly rich urban life creates a good internal environment for the university.With the continuous progress of the university,its social attribute also has an impact on the city,creating a large number of high-quality talents for the society and improving the contribution rate of the society.In terms of urban culture,a relaxed and free urban cultural atmosphere helps to form a university tradition of academic freedom.The loose and free cultural atmosphere brings more development space for universities,which gradually have full freedom of teaching and research,right of strike and right of migration,and begin to have a voice in Europe.Meanwhile,the influence of university on urban culture is also obvious.It changes the cultural atmosphere of the city and accelerates the development of the city.In a word,universities and cities in the Middle Ages are interdependent and interrelated.The development of universities is not only the innovation of universities themselves,but also the social condition of Europe in the Middle Ages.The rise and development of universities are closely related to the cities in the Middle Ages.