Social And Psychological Factors Related To Employment Anxiety And Depression Of The Pre-Graduates

Background:The total number of college graduates of 2019 in China are estimated to be 8.34 million,reaching a record high.In recent years,our country has made a series of college students’ employment policy guidance,increasingly provided jobs each year.However,the deepening of reform in our country has made the social demand for talents changed,and the increased graduates each year,still need to face other personnel employment and reemployment competition.Competition has brought to the university graduates employment pressure.In 2005,Zhang Xiaoqin studied the anxiety situation of colleges and universities in Jiangsu province and found that the high anxiety group accounted for 15.4%,the medium anxiety group accounted for 68.53%,and the low anxiety group accounted for 16.3%.In 2011,other studies of Ma Hongzhi and Wang Xiuli showed that the level of anxiety and depression of college graduates before employment was higher than the national norm.Liu Ying found that 65%of the graduates of four colleges and universities in Henan province in 2013 had different degrees of employment anxiety.The above research shows that the employment anxiety and depression of university graduates in China have been at a high level.Good social support can alleviate college students ’psychological anxiety.Fu Cui believes that social psychological factors have an important influence on the formation of anxiety.She has used attribution theory,cognitive imbalance theory and self-inconsistency theory of social psychology to analyze and elaborate the generation of anxiety.Zhang Yuzhu and Shan Hesheng analyzed the causes of employment anxiety,and concluded that the employment anxiety of college graduates was mainly from four aspects:employment competition pressure,lack of self-confidence,lack of employment support,and worry about employment prospects.By studying the causes of college students’ employment anxiety and depression and related psycho-social factors at the present stage,this paper aims to put forward constructive suggestions for alleviating graduates’ employment anxiety and depression,formulate corresponding policies,help college students to cultivate good psychological quality,so that to establish correct employment concept,promote the harmonious development of colleges and universities,alleviate social contradictions and construct a harmonious society.The Purpose and Significance of the ResearchThe purposes of this study with a questionnaire survey on the college students who are about to graduate from a university are intend to:(1)Understand the Employment anxiety and depression of graduating college students;(2)Explore the related psychosocial factors of Employment anxiety and depression of the graduating college students,especially the relationship with social support;(3)Provide pertinent psychological guidance and social support for the employment of the graduates,so as to graduate smoothly and enter the society.Research MethodIn this study,stratified cluster sampling method was used to determine the survey subjects,and the survey was conducted in May 2017 during the period of graduation.Before graduation from an ordinary institution of higher learning in Shandong province,college students were divided into three levels according to their majors:liberal arts,science,art and sports.Then,classes in each level were randomly selected.All the students in selected classes were invited to participate in the survey.Sample size estimation:The formula for calculating the sample size according to the current situation is as follows (?)According to previous studies,the positive rate of high anxiety and high depression before graduation was expected to be 15%,d=0.2p,a=0.05.The preliminary sample size was estimated to be 566 people,and the sample size required was 679 people considering that 20%of them had no response.The survey tools included:the "Diagnostic Questionnaire of Employment Anxiety"compiled by Zhang Xiaoqin,the "Employment Social Support and Coping Skills Questionnaire" compiled by Liu Chunlei,the "Social Support Rating Scale" compiled by Xiao Shuiyuan,the "Self-Depression Scale(SDS)compiled by Zung,and the self-made"Personal Basic Data Questionnaire".All questionnaires were collected and processed with Excel.The valid sample data were sorted out and imported into SPSS24.0 software for statistical analysis.Statistical methods included frequency description,t-test,independent sample t-test,one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis.The significance test level of this study was P<0.05.Results1 The basic situation of psychological and social support in employment anxiety and depressionIn this survey,a total of 1000 questionnaires were issued and 834 were recovered.795 questionnaires were valid,with an effective rate of 79.5%.116 graduating college students were in the high anxiety group as for employment anxiety,accounting for 14.6%.And 541 were in the moderate anxiety group,accounting for 68.0%,and 138 were in the low anxiety group,accounting for 17.3%.48 graduating college students were in the normal depression group,accounting for 6%,with 317 in the mild depression group,accounting for 36.9%;430 in the high depression group,accounting for 54.1%.The average scores of graduating college students in all dimensions of employment psychology were:employment preparation 2.93±0.59,employment concept 3.37±0.53,employment ability 3.03±0.47,employment cognition2.6±0.51,employment pressure 3.01 ± 0.52.The average scores of social support dimensions of graduating college students were:objective support 4.86±1.42,subjective support 17.27±2.94,support utilization?.48±1.93,total score of social support 29.62±4.05.2 Correlation between employment anxiety and employment psychology,social support and depressionEmployment anxiety of graduating college students was negatively correlated with social factors such as employment anxiety,employment preparation(r=-0.192,P<0.01),employment cognition(r=-0.125,P<0.01),social support score(r=0.148,P<0.01)and other social factors,and it was positively correlated with employment stress(r=0.242,P<0.01)and depression(r=0.462,P<0.01).3 Correlation between employment depression and employment psychology,social support and anxietyBefore graduation,depression was negatively correlated with social factors such as employment preparation(r=-0.099,P<0.01),employment cognition(r=-0.088,P<0.05),social support(r=-0.093,P<0.01),and positively correlated with employment stress(r=0.150,P<0.01),employment anxiety(r=0.462,P<0.01).4 Logistic regression analysis on employment anxiety,depression and their psycho-social related Factors4.1 Logistic regression analysis on graduates of high anxiety group and their social related factorsMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that job stress(OR=2.475,95%CI:1.532-3.998)was positively associated with high anxiety group.Subjective support(OR=0.913,95%CI:0.845-0.987)was negatively associated with high anxiety group.4.2 Logistic regression analysis of social related factors and graduates with high depressionMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that job stress(OR=1.342,95%CI:1.008-1.788)was positively associated with high depression.Employment preparation(OR=0.737,95%CI:0.573-0.949)and subjective support(OR=0.945,95%CI:0.899-0.993)were negatively with high depression.4.3 Logistic regression analysis of social psychological factors related to graduates with high anxiety and depressionMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that job stress(OR=2.444,95%CI:1.483-4.025)and subjective support(OR=0.911,95%CI:0.840-0.987)were associated with students with both high anxiety and high depression.Conclusions(1)Employment anxiety and depression are common among college graduates,and the proportion of them is relatively high.The average level of depression is higher than the national norm,indicating that college graduates have a high degree of depression.(2)Each dimension of graduates’ social support is lower than the national norm,which means university graduates’ social support is rather poor.(3)Employment stress and subjective support are associated with graduates with high anxiety.Employment stress,employment preparation and subjective support are associated with high anxiety.Employment stress and subjective support are associated with high anxiety and depression.