| Natural world heritage is a precious wealth of mankind.It is of great significance to do a good job of protection,development and utilization,which will promote the harmonious development between human and nature.Water resources are very scarce in China.Water resources play an important role in the development and progress of human society.After the reform and opening up,water conservancy construction has been effectively developed with the accelerated process of economic development.Due to the characteristics of water conservancy projects and water resources distribution,the construction of water conservancy projects will inevitably involve some national scenic areas,such as national nature reserves,Natural world heritage properties and other sensitive areas.The construction of reservoir will not only promote the rational utilization of water resources,but also bring new problems and challenges to the protection of World Heritage properties.At present,the environmental impact assessment of water conservancy project construction has been more in-depth and the corresponding evaluation standards and evaluation system have been formed.The research on World Heritage protection is also more mature.However,the research on the impact assessment of the water conservancy construction project in World Heritage properties is still very short.The existing researches just take reservoirs as one of the factors which threaten the development of World Heritage,and the majority of them are only qualitative research with little systematic and scientific analysis.Therefore,combining the ways and characteristics of the influence of reservoir construction,this study analyzed the Outstanding Universal Value of Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage,field investigation and expert consultation,this paper made an in-depth investigation and systematic evaluation on the land use,key protection animals and plants,social economy and other factors probably be influenced in the property and buffer zone during each stage on planning,design,operation and management of the construction project of Bing'an Reservoir.In view of the adverse effects,the countermeasures and measures are put forward.Through the impact evaluation of the reservoir construction project on the property,the relationship among water development,economic growth,social progress and the environmental protection of the World Heritage site is coordinated,to realize the coordinated protection of World Heritage site while the water resources are developed in an orderly way.(1)Following the principles of scientific,operable,as well as qualitative and quantitative combination,19 indicators which can reflect the characteristics of Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage and the impacts of reservoir construction projects are selected according to the requirements of analytic hierarchy process,and the evaluation indicator system is constructed.On the basis of the original water conservancy environmental impact assessment and the research of natural World Heritage conservation,learning and drawing lessons from similar cases,combining data analysis and field investigation,the evaluation indicator system of the impact of reservoir construction on Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage.The indicator system includes target level,subsystem level and index level totally 19 basic indicators.The first layer is the target level including the influence of water conservancy project construction on natural World Heritage.The second layer is the subsystem level including landscape aesthetics,geology and geomorphology,integrity,protection and management,environmental quality.The third layer is the index level including19 basic indicators of land use,landscape vision,landscape naturalness,landscape pattern,induced earthquake,reservoir inundation,reservoir leakage,reservoir bank stability,area,boundary,protection and management,biomass,soil erosion,rare plant species,animal species diversity,harmful gas,water pollution,land pollution,noise pollution.(2)On the basis of the established indicator system,the impact evaluation model and classification standard of the reservoir construction project on natural World Heritage sites are firstly proposed.According to this standard,the Chishui reservoir has no influence on Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage property and has a weak impact on the buffer zone.According to the integrity the requirements on protection and management of natural World Heritage sites,as well as the requirements of UNESCO on the protection of natural heritage,the influence of the reservoir construction project on the natural World Heritage site is divided into five grades combined with the classification standards of ecological environmental impact assessment at home and abroad and the main ways and contents of the impact of water conservancy projects on natural heritage sites.Taking hundred-mark system as the standard of grade dividing.0~20 points mean very weak influence,20~40 points mean weak influence,the 40~60 points mean general influence,60~80 points mean strong influence and 80~100 points mean very strong influence.The lower the score is,the smaller the influence on natural heritage property is.Through the improved linear weighted function evaluation model and the marking result of each evaluation indicators from experts and scholars with relevant discipline background,the score of the influence of Bing'an Reservoir on Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage property is 12.68.The same conclusion is finally reached through interviews,surveys,letters with other experts to discuss the standard.(3)According to the established evaluation indicator system,the weight value of each factor is obtained by analytic hierarchy process to analyze the importance of each factor.The paper put forward that the soil erosion is the indicator of priority attention.Soil erosion,water pollution,land use,land pollution and reservoir leakage show a high importance based on the weight value calculation of each factor,and the weight values of them respectively are 0.0926,0.0853,0.0823,0.0746 and 0.0692,reflecting the effects of Bing'an Reservoir on the essential attributes of Word Heritage.The following important factors are noise pollution,landscape pattern,harmful gas,landscape vision,biomass,reservoir inundation and rare plants,and the weight values of them respectively are 0.0654,0.0645,0.0637,0.0533,0.0531,0.0486 and 0.0482,which reflect the influence of Bing'an Reservoir on the landscape and environmental quality of the World Heritage property.The factors with lower weight values are animal diversity,bank stability,protection and management,boundary,area,induced earthquake and landscape naturalness and the weight values of them respectively are 0.0453,0.0389,0.0354,0.0154,0.0142,0.0288 and 0.0212,which reflects the influence of the reservoir construction on geology,landform,integrity,as well as protection and management.The area where the project is located is the key surveillance area of water and soil erosion in Guizhou province.Therefore,the water and soil erosion caused by the construction and operation of the reservoir should be paid more attention.(4)Based on the analysis results,the countermeasures that can mitigate the adverse effects of Bing'an Reservoir on Chishui Danxia Natural World Heritage property is proposed to promote the harmonious and sustainable development of the World Heritage site.World Heritage sites have special attributes,and the impact of reservoir construction is complex and diverse.Based on the essential attributes of the property,the countermeasures that can mitigate the adverse effects of Bing'an Reservoir on the site is proposed combined with the scores marked by experts to protect the Outstanding Universal Value and the integrity of the property.It is indicated that the corresponding countermeasures should be taken in the area disturbed by reservoir construction according to the soil erosion in the area where the project is located.In the process of putting forward the measures,the indicators with relatively lower weight value such as rare plants should not be ignored.The species of rare and endangered species,especially the "living fossils"-Alsophila spinulosa,in the property should be protected more seriously.When making corresponding measures,it should be more specific to slow down the adverse impact of reservoir construction on heritage sites.Thus,the formulation of indicators needs more in line with local conditions,combined with the actual situation in the research area. |
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