Research On Eco-efficiency Measurement And Influence Factors Of Apple Households With The Perspective Carbon Emission

The sustainable development of apple industry is an important content of the promotion of supply-side structural reform of agriculture and the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.As a dominant producing area of apple in China,the apple production in Shandong Province is still under an outreaching development that simply relies on the increasing of production factors.The unreasonable use of production factors like chemical fertilizers and pesticides not only leads to inefficient use of resources and increases unnecessary apple production costs,but also causes excessive greenhouse gas emissions,increasing the ecological risks brought about by climate changes.The frequent happening of extreme weathers like high temperature and hail causes series damage to the production of apple,some areas have gradually lost basic climate conditions for apple production.The planting area of apple has shrunken from 264.60 thousand hectares in 2010 to 258.00 thousand hectares in 2018.The development of the apple industry in Shandong Province echoes the overall development level of the apple industry in China.Changes in regional ecological efficiency present a significant multiplier effect on the overall coordinated development of China's ecological economy.With the dual restrictions of extreme scarcity of agricultural resources and severe deterioration of the ecological environment,the study of the ecological efficiency of apple households in Shandong Province has a great significance in tapping the sustainable development potential of the regional apple industry,optimizing the allocation of resource elements,reducing or controlling pollutant emissions,and coordinating the relationship between economic benefits,social benefits and ecological benefits.This paper is based on the panel data of input-output of 454 apple households in 4 apple planting counties in Shandong Province from 2017 to 2018.First of all,the SBM-Undesirable model is used to measure the ecological efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of apple households in each year from a static view.According to the calculation results of input variables,undesired output redundancy rate and expected output insufficient rate,the causes of ecological efficiency loss of apple households were analyzed.Furthermore,from a dynamic view of point,the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index is used to evaluate the time-varying characteristics of apple households' ecological efficiency.Finally,the Tobit model is adopted to analyze the main factors affecting the apple households' ecological efficiency.Through the evaluation and research on the ecological efficiency of apple households in Shandong Province,the following conclusions can be reached:(1)From 2017 to 2018,the overall ecological efficiency of apple households in Shandong Province is at a relatively low level,and there is much room for improvement.The ecological efficiency different apple production counties vary greatly,and the ecological efficiency of each county ranks as Laizhou> Yishui> Penglai> Mengyin;(2)From 2017 to 2018,the causes of the low ecological efficiency of apple households in Shandong Province are mainly the input variables and undesired output,while the expected output has only little effect.The order of each factor from large to small is agricultural film input per mu,fertilizer input per mu,other expenses per mu,net carbon emissions per mu,labor input per mu,pesticide input per mu,fruit bag per mu,and apple output per mu;(3)In 2017-2018,the total factor productivity of apple households in Shandong Province presented a general increasing trend with an annual increase rate of 8.33%.The change trend of total factor productivity is the same as the change trend of ecological efficiency,while it is opposite to the trend of technological progress;(4)The overall regression result of Tobit model indicates that the education level,years devoted on apple production,whether it is a model household of apple production,average tree age,interval of spraying medicine,and average income per mu in the last year all have positive influence on the ecological efficiency of households;the number of plots in the orchard,average labor using per mu,intensity of applying fertilizer and pesticide,as well as the areas being affected by disasters have a significant negative impact on the ecological efficiency of apple households;age,health status,number of disasters and the reduction ratio of production have no significant effect on the ecological efficiency of apple households.Based on the relevant research results of apple households in Shandong Province,the enlightenment of policies that could facilitate the improvement of ecological efficiency level of apple households has been put forward:(1)Convert the production way of apples positively and optimize its planting scale;(2)Fasten the spread of green production technology in apple planting,perfect the socialized service system for apple industry;(3)Reinforce the training of green production technology in apple planting,enhance the quality of human resources in the apple industry;(4)Strengthen the supervision on the agricultural market,encourage the development of ecological agriculture;(5)Widen the distribution channel of apple,build an online sales platform;(6)Push the construction of preventing system for natural hazards,innovate and perfect the regional insurance operating pattern.