A Research On Academies Of Ningguo During The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Academy education is an important form of Ningguo education during the Ming and Qing dynasties.In the early Ming period,the development of Ningguo academies were in quietude;From Jiajing to Wanli period,due to the decline of official school and the spread of Yangming school,many academies were founded and academic lectures were prosperous,they developed into the heyday;however,influenced by the political upheaval and academy lecturing declined,the Ningguo academies were falling into decay in late Ming.At the beginning of Qing Dynasty,the development of Ningguo academies were slow;from the late Kangxi to Qianlong period,Ningguo academies were quite prosperity,not only new academies were built,but also the scale of the academies was expanded;the chaos of war during the years of Xian Feng and Tong Zhi made Ningguo academies suffered a disaster;after the war,Ningguo academies had revived,but,due to the reforms of academy,Ningguo academies finally withdrew from the historical stage.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Ningguo academies always were built in the beautiful scenery,the environment elegant place;their architectural layout also had distinguishing features very much,some of the larger had many rooms and perfect facilities,some buildings' name had special meanings.Ningguo academies collected funds through government grant,civil donations and independent management,but mainly last two ways.Academies expenses can be divided into the basic construction and daily operation,the daily spending of Yuwen Academy and Jingchuan Academy can be divided into four aspects:headmasters,students,administration and others,and the proportion of expenses diffrent significantly.However,academies funding were increasingly scarce due to erosion of the college property,and that even lead to disputes.Therefore,Ningguo academies took some measures,such as concluding articles and recording in books,independent management practices and strengthen supervision measures.Ningguo academies' extensive set effectively had met the needs of the local education,promoted the cultivation of the talents.Specifically,influenced by academy lecturing in the middle later of Ming dynasty,Ningguo appeared a batch of Yangming school scholars,the students had achieved good results in the imperial examinations,the area folkways turned good.The contribution of Ningguo academies in Qing dynasty can take the Yuwen Academy as perspective,a lot of the academy's students made a remarkable achievement in terms of fame,scholarship and contributions.The academy published some books,and some headmasters also made academic achievements.The development of Ningguo academies exists two peak period:the middle later of Ming dynasty and from the late Kangxi to Qianlong period.This is mainly because the two periods of social stability and economic prosperity;at the same time,local officials push also plays an important role.In 1901,at the request of the Qing regime,Ningguo academies were reformed to schools in succession.But,from the restructuring after a period of practice,it is difficult to obtain the spread of Western learning and cultivating talents with Western learning effect.