The Digging Age—The Study Of Nanjing's Air Defense Construction (1969-1978)

Air-raid Shelter is a military bunker that used to guard against air strikes and protect civilians on the ground.It can reduce casualties and property damage and played an important role during the war.The modern meaning of the first Air-raid shelter was appeared in the United Kingdom,it usually came from the basement,wine cellars,stations and other underground facilities.China' s Air-raid shelter construction began in 1932.After the Songhu Incident,in order to avoid the Japanese bombing,Nanjing,Shanghai,Peking,Hankou and other places began to did some work to prevent the air strike.During the Anti-Japanese War,the capital of the national government moved to Chongqing,Chongqing became a wartime capital.In the face of the Japanese bombing,Chongqing built a large number of Air-raid shelters,played a vital role in the prevention of Japanese bombing and protection of people' s lives and property.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,China still faced the danger of war.In 1950s,China carried out the construction work of the Air-raid shelter.When the Sino-Soviet friendship broke,the risk of war suddenly increased,the construction of Air-raid shelters again on the agenda.In August 1969,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China released the report of the Central Military Commission Working Group on Strengthening the Work of National People' s Air Defense.Under the slogan of "preparing for the war,preparing for the people," the Chinese People's Air Defense Leading Group,Carried out a nationwide air-raid shelters construction work,Nanjing' s air-raid shelter construction was also carried out during this period.The nationwide air-raid shelter construction campaign,which began in 1969,was a mass movement under the threat of war.This article takes Nanjing as an example,concentrates on the construction of Nanjing' s air-raid shelter work between 1969 and 1978.This paper will be divided into three periods.The first period from 1969 to 1974,during this period,Nanjing' s air-raid shelter construction mainly rely on the enthusiasm of the masses,which means relying on mobilizing the masses,Nanjing completed a large-scale construction of air-raid shelter.However,due to the lack of raw materials,technology immaturity,lack of security measures,management is not standardized and other reasons,resulting in a series of problems,affecting the construction of the Nanjing' s air-raid shelter effect.The second period was from 1974 to 1976,cause the Cultural Revolution was not over yet.In 1974,Nanjing relevant departments was developed the appropriate technical specifications and standards to guide the construction of air-raid shelter projects in Nanjing.Relying on the relevant norms and professional construction standards,Nanjing City,the safety and reliability of civil air defense has been greatly improved.However,due to the impact of the Cultural Revolution,this period of Nanjing air-raid shelter construction is not smooth.The third period was from 1976 to 1978.In 1976,the Cultural Revolution ended,the "gang of four" was shattered,including the civil war front,including the front of the liberation and development.In the guiding ideology of civil air-raid shelter construction.although the construction of civil air defense projects in this period more standardized in the construction of civil air defense projects in Nanjing,began to consciously "peace and war" attempt,but in the ideological level,there was still had wrong thinking.Relevant departments for the international situation is still not optimistic about the prospects.The possibility of the outbreak of the war was seriously overestimated,the construction of the Nanjing air-raid shelter was also affected by the "two extraordinary" erroneous thinking,the issue until after the Third Plenary Session in 1978 after the party and the country's work The focus shifted to economic construction,this situation was completely improved,civil defense construction began to enter a new historical period.The structure of this paper is divided into five chapters.The first chapter is the history of the air-raid shelter.It will divided into two parts:vertical and horizontal.On the one hand,the construction of China's air-raid shelter with the world's major national air-raid shelter construction in contrast.On the other hand,China's air-raid shelter was in different periods of time to build,and then lead to the construction of Nanjing air-raid shelter construction.The second chapter is the construction of Nanjing air-raid shelter in the early period of the Cultural Revolution.The first part mainly introduces the historical background of the construction of Nanjing air-raid shelter at this stage.The latter part focuses on the concrete details of the construction of Nanjing air-raid shelter and the difficulties and obstacles in the construction of air-raid shelters by the enthusiasm of the masses.The third chapter discusses the construction of Nanjing air defense hole in the late Cultural Revolution.In the late period of the Cultural Revolution in the anti-air hole construction,began to change the original way to rely on mass movement,changed by the relevant departments,the construction of air-raid shelters,changed the original "miscellaneous,scattered,chaos" The fourth chapter is the construction of Nanjing air defense hole from 1976 to 1978.During this period,the construction of Nanjing air-raid shelter has made a series of achievements,but due to the "two extraordinary" wrong thinking,Nanjing' s air-raid shelter construction was still a big problem.until 1978,after the reform and opening up policy.At the end of the article,the paper summarizes the phased changes of Nanjing air-raid shelter,and makes an objective evaluation of the various periods of air defense shelters in Nanjing.It is hoped that through the investigation of the construction of air-raid shelter in Nanjing,this chapter will draw lessons from and inspire the construction of national defense in the new period.