| The rural courtyard is the most fundamental and direct unit for rural quarters,which is an important part of the Chinese new rural construction.The space arrangement of rural courtyard reflects its functions in living,producing,ecology and culture,and it is also the vivid display of rural characteristics and rural life.With the development of social economy and the acceleration of urbanization,the space arrangement of rural courtyard is advancing and in different regions,the evolutions are different.The evolutions of space arrangement in rural courtyard reflect not only the rural economic and social development,but also the new rural construction.So it is eager to strength researches in this aspect,which has important theoretical significance for the development of Rural Geography and also the practical significance for the optimum utilization of rural yards,for the renovation of rural quarters and for the scientifically implementation of new rural development strategy.This study took 432 rural courtyards in 7 villages in Shandong Province as the research objects,used various methods to analyze the features of space arrangement of rural courtyards and their evolution rules,such as document analysis,field investigation,comparative analysis and model construction.For the study of the factors that influence the layout of courtyard,this study embraced Multinomial Logistic Model,Ordered Logistic Model and Binary Logistic Model to analyze the influential mechanism of the courtyard layout,after which this paper put forward the optimized utilization schemes for different space arrangements of rural courtyard.The followings are the main research contents and results:(1)The studies of the features of space arrangement of rural courtyards and their evolution rulesThe layout of rural courtyard refers to the relative positions of different kinds of land and houses,including spatial organization,building density,type of housing and so on.Among our researches,the courtyard space usually consists of main house and the side room.The main house orientates north and south,having a platform with steps,the front part is living room and the behind is dining room.According to the functions of courtyard,it can be divided into two types–living and commercial;According to the organizing mode of space,the layout can be divided into five types—building,quadrangle,san-ho-yuan,a main and side house and a principal room only;According to the building density,we have three types— high density,middle density and low density;According to the house types,there are bungalow and building.The evolution of the rural courtyard layout refers to the improvements that the courtyard had made along with the development of social economy.The common tendency is that the house construction gradually made plane expansion and developed into higher level,with less and less open room in the courtyard.Among our research areas,most of the homestead were gained by the citizen and had the initial construction before the Reform and Open up.Farmers usually build the main house only,and the construction area is usually include 3 houses,about50 to 70 square meters.The courtyard layout is more simple and unified,usually the house sits south,the main house is located in the north while others are open land.After the Reform and Open up,farmers Increased housing constructions and made plane expansion,they started to build the side house,so there came various combination models of courtyard space,like quadrangle,san-ho-yuan,a main and side house.The third stage is stereoscopic expansion—some farmers started to build two-story buildings or multi-story buildings,so the area of every story and every room has increased a lot.Because the processes of courtyard evolution were important,there were oblivious differences between different courtyard layouts,ways of space combination,area of building basement and types of house.(2)The studies of influential factors of rural courtyard space layoutWe conducted our researches on the basis of the agreement from village committee and all citizens.Questionnaire survey and in-deep interviews were used during our researches.After that we selected and checked the internal and external factors that may cause the influences out of synthetic consideration,these 14 factors include: town distance,the economy of the village,physical geography,position of courtyard,land areas,construction costs,the construction time,total population and gross annual income.This study embraced Multinomial Logistic Model to analyze the influential factors of the spatial combinations of courtyard,the study found that there are 5 types of spatial combinations in Shandong Province--building,quadrangle,san-ho-yuan,a main and side house and a principal room only.Besides,the spatial combinations of courtyard were influenced by 4 kinds of factors — Firstly,village characteristics,including town distance,physical geography and the economy of the village;Secondly,courtyard characteristics,including land areas,construction costs and the construction time;Thirdly,family characteristics,including annual income,the second and third industry income and crop acreage;Lastly,that is the age of householder.This study embraced Ordered Logistic Model to analyze the influential factors of the building density,the study found that there are 3 types of building density in Shandong Province—high density,middle density and low density.Besides,the building density were influenced by 4 kinds of factors—Firstly,village characteristics,including town distance,physical geography and the economy of the village;Secondly,courtyard characteristics,including the position of courtyard,land areas,construction costs and the construction time;Thirdly,family characteristics,including total population,annual income,the second and third industry income and crop acreage;Lastly,that is the age and educational situation of householder.This study embraced Binary Logistic Model to analyze the influential factors of the types of house,the study found that there are 2 types of house in Shandong Province—bungalow and building.Besides,the building density were influenced by 3 kinds of factors—Firstly,village characteristics,including town distance,and the economy of the village;Secondly,courtyard characteristics,including construction costs and the construction time;Thirdly,family characteristics,including total population,annual income,and crop acreage.(3)The studies of the optimum utilization of different spatial layout types in rural yardsAccording to the analysis of the influential factors of different types of rural courtyard layouts,we put forward the optimized utilization schemes for different space arrangements of rural courtyard.For the optimized utilization schemes of the influential mechanisms in different types of courtyard spatial layout,the study suggests that the courtyard with higher newness should pay more attention on the utilization efficiency;the rural quarters with lower income are supposed to attach importance to the economic development;the non-rural quarters with higher income should perfect their functions;others should plan on the basis of their realities.For the advices of comprehensive utilization,our studies suggest that the rural areas optimize its industrial structure,improve regional economy;make good use of regional advantages on the basis of objective conditions;enhance policy guidance and enlarge the family income;make spatial functions pluralistic and highlight the use of courtyard;perfect the village program to make the traditional features alive and improve the laws and regulations for the management of rural basement in order to enhance the legality of the land utilization in rural areas and so on. |
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