| The leafhopper tribe Mukariini(Hemiptera,Auchenorrhyncha,C icadellidae)is a small group of Deltocephalinae.By the end of 2016,Mukariini has reported about 60 species in 12 genera around the world.The research history and situation on Mukariini are reviewed.The thesis also deals with systematically taxonomic study on this tribe.The biological characteristics,plants,distributions and evolvement are summarized.The taxonomic characters,terms,materials and methods are outlined and some characters are reevaluated.Keys are given to all genus and species.Then give a preliminary analysis on its geographical distribution;Finally provide a preliminary discussion of phylogenetic relationships among C hinese genera and species of Mukariini for the first time based on the data of morphological characteristics.All examined specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology,Guizhou University.Comparative Morphology on Chinese Mukaria speciesThe genitalia and external morphology of 8 species o f the bamboo-feeding genus Mukaria from C hina were characterized and compared in this study.The results indicated that: the body colour of 8 species were different,and the pygefer of male could be classified as with process and without process at dorsoca udal margin;the most typical differences of the 8 Mukaria species were the characteristics of aedeagus: the connective could be divided into U-shaped and V-shaped;aedeagus shaft could be divided into without branches and with paired branches,and the species without branches had single gonopore apical,whereas the species with paired branches had two gonopores.These characteristics could be used to distinguish the species.A key was also given to distinguish 8 species of Mukaria.Based on these characteristics,we suggested that existing species in Mukaria may be a paraphyletic group,the aedeagus shaft and of some species(M.testacea?M.bambusana?M.pallipes?M.yanheensis)without branches and the connective were V-shaped,which is obvious different from the type species.An new genus Paramukaria gen.nov.is builted and four new combinations,Paramukaria testacea(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.,Paramukaria bambusana(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.,Paramukaria pallipes(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.,Paramukaria yanheensis(C hen,Yang et Li,2012)comb.nov.are proposed.TaxonomyWe have systematic invested,classified and indentified more than 1300 specimens and found them belongs to 10 genera including 26 species(with 25 specimens examined)of Mukariini from China,including 1 new genus,four new species,four new combinations,1 species is newly recorded in C hina and 1 species of the male is first description.The new taxt,new records to Chinese fauna,new combinations and the male for first description in this study are following:New genus:Paramukaria gen.nov.New species:Agrica yaanensis sp.nov.Mukaria striola sp.nov.Paramukaria tangerine sp.nov.Neomohunia biprocessa sp.nov.New combinations:Paramukaria bambusana(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.Paramukaria pallipes(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.Paramukaria testacea(Li et Chen,1999)comb.nov.Paramukaria yanheensis(Chen,Yang et Li,2012)comb.nov.New species records:Mohunia splendens Distant,1908The male for fist description:Agrica arisana(Matsumura,1914)BiogeographyThe faunal structures of the C hinese Mukariini at generic and specific levels were examined.Under zoogeographic regions of the world,10 known genera of Mukariini constitute 3 types of distribution.Among them,7 genera in Oriental region,accounting for 70%,and 2 genera are distributed in Oriental-Palaearctic-Australian region,which make up 20%,1 genus in Oriental-Palaearctic region,accounted for 10%.It is clear that Oriental genera make up the majority of the C hinese Mukariini at level.Under zoogeographic regions of China,All the known species constitute 7 types of distribution in seven Chinese Zoogeographic sub-regions.Among them,in unitary region types,7 species are only in Central C hina and 4 species are only in South China,with the highest and higher proportion of 26.92% and 15.38%,and in across two regions types the Southwest-Central C hina distribution are dominant with high rate of 11.54%,in across three regions types the Central–Southern-Southwest China distribution are dominant with high rate of 26.92%,indicating that Southwest region has much relevance to South C hina and Central C hina re gion.At the China zoogeographic regional level,the faunal mainly belongs to Central C hina region,followed by South China region.PhylogenyThe phylogeny of this tribe,including 10 genera and 25 species,are studied by PAUP*4.0,Base on 60 morphological characters and with species Cochlorhinus pluto Uhler,1876 as outgroup.The results as follows:1.At the level of genus,Pseudomohunia and Paramohunia near the base of phylogenetic tree,is relatively ancient group of Mukariini.Mukaria and Bambusimukaria near the top of phylogenetic tree,is relatively group of Mukariini.10 genera of Mukariini from China always divide into three large branches,Mukaria?Paramukaria and Paramukaria always cluster to a large branch;Mohunia ?Neomohunia?Paramohunia and Pseudomohunia cluster to another large branch;Tiaobeinia always separated alone in two trees.2.The monophyletic lineage on Paramukaria gen.nov.is supported,which is in good accord with the results of Comparative morphology.3.Mukaria+Bambusimukaria?Mohunia+Neomohunia are consistently recovered as sister taxa.4.At the level of species,M.nigra and M.maculate always cluster to a branch,indicated that the relationship of these two species were near with each other.Paramukaria testacea and Paramukaria tangerine sp.nov.always cluster to a branch,combined with the external morphological characters,indicated that the relationship of these two species were near with each other. |
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