Taxonomy Of Mantis In China

Mantodea(Insecta: Dictyoptera)is one of the most widely recognized group of insects,which is valuable in herbal medicine,pest control,bionic technology and is very popular as insect pets.Up to now,about 2,500 species were recorded in 439 genera of 29 families all around the world.In China,162 species in 58 genera of 12 families were recorded.However,research on the taxonomy and systematics of Mantodea in China is relatively limited.For the resource utilization of praying mantis,it is difficult to identify species.In this study,a systematic taxonomic research of Mantodea in China was carried out,including description of species,high-resolution illustrations,comparative morphological studies,taxa revision,comparative studies on mitochondrial genomes,phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genome,faunal analysis of Mantodea in China.The research contents and results are as follows:TaxonomyA total of 162 species in 58 genera within 12 families of Mantodea are recorded,38 male genitalia were described and illustrated for the first time.The diagnoses of all the 58 genera,23 tribes,21 subfamilies and 12 families of Mantodea in China are provided.One new genus was established and three new species were described.A new genus: Ahumbertiella gen.nov.;three new species: Amorphoscelis jianfenglingensis sp.nov.,Arria pura Wang & Chen,2021(published),Humbertiella parvamacula sp.nov.Six new combinations were proposed.Humbertiella Saussure,1869,Anaxarcha St(?)l,1877,Hestiasula Saussure,1871,Arria St(?)l,1877 and Sinomiopteryx Tinkham,1937 were reviewed.Six new combinations were proposed: Arria brevifrons(Wang & Bi,1991),comb.nov.,Odontomantis zhengi(Ren & Wang,1994),comb.nov.,Odontomantis maculate(Mao& Yang,2002),comb.nov.,Astyliasula zhejiangensis(Zhou & Shen,1992),comb.nov.,Astyliasula wuyishana(Yang & Wang,1999),comb.nov.and Ahumbertiella nada(Zhang,1986)comb.nov..Mitochondrial GenomeThe complete mitochondrial genomes of 17 species belong to 17 genera were assembled and annotate,and the genome structure,nucleotide composition and codon usage of proteins were provided.Besides,46 complete mitochondrial genomes of Mantodea were compared and analyzed.The length of the complete mitochondrial genome of Mantodea in this study ranged from 15,433 bp to 16,999 bp,exhibit a strong AT bias,and the AT content ranged from 70.1% to 78.2%.No significant differences were found between each family.The complete mitochondrial genome of Mantodea in our study contained 37-47 genes,and t RNA duplications,most of which occurred in the trn R-trn N gene cluster.The trn I-trn Q-trn M gene cluster was rearranged in bark mantises of Gonypetidae only,which may be an apomorphy of the oriental bark mantis.In this study,the evolution rate of the 13 protein-coding genes of Mantodea showed that atp8,nad1,nad5,nad6 with a high variability and cytb,cox1,cox3,cox2 with a low variability.The analyses indicated that nad6 and nad2 can be used as potential markers for population genetics and species delimitation in Mantodea.Phylogenetic studyMitochondrial genome sequences of 49 species in 47 genera within13 families of Mantodea were used for phylogenetic analysis.ML and BI trees based on two datasets were established,and the phylogenetic relationship of Mantodea in China was investigated.Haaniinae is not a monophyletic group.Gonypetidae is not monophyletic,at least,some taxa of Iridopteryginae do not belong to Gonypetidae,but are members of the superfamily Nanomantoidea.According to the results of morphological research and phylogenetic analysis,Ahumbertiella gen.nov.and the type species Ahumbertiella nada comb.nov.was suggested;Odontomantis zhengi comb.nov.as proposed was verified as in the morphological study.Biogeography studyBased on the geographic distribution database of museum specimens and literature published,the fauna structures of 158 species belong to 58 genera of Mantodea in the zoogeographic realms of China and world was analyzed.In the Zoogeographic regions of world,the Oriental region is the main status,accounting for 74.19% and 86.42% of the total number at generic and specific levels respectively.The main status of cross regional patterns is the Orienal region-Palaearctic region at generic(5.17%)and specific(3.8%)levels.In the zoogeographic regions of China,both of generic(36.21%)and specific(38.27%)levels,the highest proportion is the Huanan region.The highest proportion of cross regional patterns is Huazhong region-Huanan region,the ratio of generic(15.78%)and specific(9.49%)levels respectively.Showing the fauna of Chinese Mantodea is typical Huanan region pattern,and much closely contacts with Huazhong region.The results shows that praying mantis is most likely to move to Indomalaya ecozone from Gondwana firstly.Huanan region is the species richness center of Mantodea in China.