| In the 1980 s,the system of unified management combined with independent management,which is based on the household contract management, has been set up in the Northern Xinjiang pasturing areas. In1984, Ashili Kazak Town in Changji City started the reform of economic system, characterized by appraising the value of livestock and turning them over to households and contracting grassland to the pastoralist households. In 1992, according to the policy on pastoralists’ settlement in Xinjiang Municipality,the town started its large-scale relocation and settlement. The policy changes of our country and the power of market economy lead to the social changes in the pasturing areas. As a result, the traditional ways of producing and living of the Kazak are facing enormous changes towards that of the market economy.Based on family oriented management, pastoralists’ request of improving economic conditions and the country’s strong support lead to the emergence and development of professional Pastoralists’ Cooperatives.Research on economic organizations in ethnic minority areas remains an important topic among research on the social development of ethnic minority areas. At the present, research on Cooperatives in pasturing areas in Northern Xinjiang is comparatively less, thus the author of this thesis choose Ashili Kazak town to conduct field investigation, apply the method of interviewing and participating and observing to investigate on the background and development of professional pastoralists’ cooperatives, and then discuss the effect caused to pastoral society by the development of cooperatives. Research in this paper is able to enrich and develop present researches on pasturing areas in Northern Xinjiang, and meanwhile helps us to form good ideas on the social development of ethnic minority areas and the growth of organizations in these areas.As was found in the field research, the local cooperatives mainly include three types, which are cooperatives on animal husbandry, national crafts and agricultural planting. By renting grass land and cultivated land, the joint cooperatives of animal husbandry and grass planting and agricultural planting cooperatives manage to distribute productive factors reasonably and make the scale management of pasturing industry possible. And the national crafts cooperatives show the trend that local national crafts,which act as a useful tool to inherit and develop the nomadic culture, have spread into large market.Generally speaking, various cooperatives mainly have the following positive influence. Firstly, since employing workers has become a common phenomenon in the operation of cooperatives, it promotes transfer employment of part of the surplus labor, and the producing activities of cooperatives plays an important role in promoting inter-ethnic communication. Secondly, the development of cooperatives improves the systematism rate of pasturing industry production, and the adoption of technology and modernized equipments provides key support to the development of modern animal husbandry in pasturing areas. Finally, the local pastoralists’ cooperatives have also taken several steps to improve eco-environment and develop environment protection economy, and these steps would help the local economy realize sustainable development. However, there are some problems in the development of cooperatives, such as non-standard management, shortage of talent and the low participation rate of pastoralists. Thus for one thing, the government should devote more effort on publicity of cooperatives, enhance standardized management and try to get as much as training resources to train principals and technicists. Moreover, the government ought to introduce the idea of Participatory Development. For another, cooperatives ought to perfect the benefit distribution system, follow the principle of “running and being managed by the local people and benefiting the local people” and complete the operating mechanism of cooperatives. |
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