The Study On Patent Spatial Temporal Differentiation And Its Influence Factors In America

With the rapid development of knowledge economy and the deepening of technological globalization, science and technology innovation has gradually become the core basis of economy; innovation capability has gradually become the crucial jetton of international competitive power. With a complete national innovation system, the United States has been at the central place in global innovation activities for a long time. Investigating the spatial-temporal evolution of patent in the United States has reference significance to developing national innovation development strategy and optimization of innovation spatial location in China. The article studied space distribution-regularities of patent in the United States based on the literature research achievements. Then the article studied the spatial concentration of patent by calculating gini coefficient, variation coefficient, and concentration index, studied the spatial-temporal evolution of patent by analysis of movement path of the patent center, and studied the spatial correlation and cluster evolution of patent by exploratory spatial data analysis. Finally, the article empirically studied the influence factor of patent creation in the United States. The results proved that:1.From the founding of the United States to the Second World War, the patent output of the United States grown rapidly. Since the Second World War, the patent output growth changed from slow to fast. The patent output suggests that the United States has outstanding innovation capability and is at the central place in global innovation activities for a long time.2. The spatial difference of patent in the United States presented obviously. The patent output mainly concentrated in a few regions along the Pacific, Atlantic and the Great Lakes, and tended to cluster in areas that have a great scale of population, economy and in university and college concentration area. The imbalance becomes more and more obvious along with the elaboration of space scale. The patent output showed very high correlation in time series.3. Since 21th century, the polarization of innovation in the United States was further strengthen, as well as the trend had slowed down recently. The patent output more and more highly concentrated in some hot spots, and shaped the spatial pattern that was dominated by American west, which was stable for a long time. The difference of patent output growth rate between hot spots led to the whole innovation gravity center shifting. The offset growth of pacific coast area was ahead well of all other partitions and had absolutely advantages, which led to a "strong western and weak eastern" innovation pattern. The spatial correlation effect of patent output indicated the spillover between regional innovations in the United States. The agglomeration of innovation in the United States remained relatively stable.4. Innovation input, the level of regional economic development, the level of regional education, capital factors, innovation culture, infrastructure and government financial support could promote the creation of patent, especially, the input of science and technology human capital was the most important factor.