The Development Of Ci And The Life Of Scholars In Northern Song Dynasty

In this paper, the main object of study are the 17 poets in the early Song Dynasty, especially Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Ouyang Xiu and Zhang Xian’s poetry and Ci. On the basis of reading the documents, we try to understand the develop process of Ci, restore the interests in life, entertainment activities, states of mind which shown in Ci in the early Song Dynasty. Also we discuss the process of the number of the creation of Song Ci from less to more, finally established the form, in this process,different poets influenced Song Ci in different ways.The paper organized as follows:In the introduction, we sort out the existing researches, and establish research methods, to make the foundation for the later discussion.The first chapter mainly aims at the 46 Ci poetries which belong to 17 poets in Early Song. By analyzing the birthplace, life experiences, the content if Ci poetries, we clarify that between the fifty years in the early Song Dynasty, southern poets went to north, influenced the northern poets.In the north-south integration trends in the early Song Dynasty, being against the influence of the poetry style of Five Dynasties becomes the overall trend. At the same time, the early Song Dynasty poets also are the Hanlin Scholars, this identity promoted the creation of long Ci Poetry. During the period of emperor Song Zhenzong, the event of Mumbo-jumbo letter worship also become an opportunity for the development of Ci.The second chapter focus on Yan Shu, explore the narrative perspective in Yan Shu’s works, find out the changes of the content of Ci, reveal the transformation from Ci to poetry. From the long Ci poetries, we find out that the form of Birthday Celebration Ci Poetry established by Yan Shu. From the usage of burn-incenses, we can reconstruct the daily life of the literati and officialdoms. Finally, through the analysis of "rich language" and "aura" which Yan Shu admired, we can evaluate Yan Shu’s contribution to Ci Poetry’s elegant changes.Chapter three focus on Liu Yong, we start with the contents of Liu Yong’s Ci poetries, divide his Ci poetries into "Woman Poetries" and "Literati Poetries", discuss the citation phenomenon in "Woman Poetries", and the frequent use of spoken language in "Literati Poetries", restore the culture that poor literates writing Ci poetries to the top officials. In addition, by analyzing the women in Liu Yong’s Ci poetries, showing the relationship between the officials and Geishas in early Northern Song Dynasty. Finally, the male image in Liu Yong’s Ci poetries forms a self-image.In the fourth chapter, by interpreting Ouyang Xiu’s Ci poetries, we find out the conflict between refinement and vulgarity in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty. Considering the life of Ouyang Xiu, we restore the possible scenes that he created vulgar Ci poetries, and we point out the usage of folk style and narrative techniques in these Ci poetries. Finally, considering the different styles shown in Ouyang Xiu’s Ci poetries, we believe in his transitional status in the history of Ci poetries.Chapter five focus on Zhang Xian. First, by analysis the titles of his Ci poetries, we find out the documentary features in Zhang Xian’s Ci poetries, also we find out the unique style of Zhang Xian’s farewell Ci poetries. Second, some of Zhang Xian’s Ci Poetries use new tones created by himself, which reveals Zhang Xian developed new skill to write long Ci Poetries. There are 7 Ci poetries which use someone else’s rhymes, from these we reveal how Zhang Xian making friends and go sightseeing during retirement; by analysis Zhang Xian’s circle of friends, we can find out how the political events Xining Reform influence the creation of Ci Poetries. Also, we can restore the middle and lower local officials’entertainment by analysis Zhang Xian’s creation of bunch-of-Ci Poetries.The rest part summarizes the above sections. First, briefly analyze the evolution of Ci Poetry in hundred years from the late tenth century to the middle of the eleventh century. Second, reconstruct the social life includes different levels of officials in Northern Song Dynasty. Finally, point out the unfinished research in this article.