Research On The Banishment Of Official Criminals To Xinjiang During The Qianlong Period Of Qing Dynasty

Banishment to the frontier is a penalty system which exile people to serve the penal servitude, compared Military Exile and Three Degrees of Life Exile tougher. During the Qianlong Period of Qing Dynasty, especially after the return of Xinjiang to Qing Territory,many officials who committed crimes had been banished to Xinjiang Province, which had not only alleviated the personnel pressure of northeast district, but also played an important part in promoting the development of Xinjiang and strengthening the Qing Dynasty’s government of borderland, at the same time, other officials were warned and threatened to some extent. Officials Banished to Xinjiang, can be viewed as for administrative sanctions(Salary punishment, reduce in rank, Dismissal) is not enough to punished and aggravated punishment of guilt.Based on the stage when the Qianlong Period of Qing Dynasty had full and stable control over the Xinjiang district, this paper had discussed the formation, implement and the effect of the officials’ banishment to Xinjiang. After learning the cause and effect of this banishment to Xinjiang, this paper further elaborates the characteristic of this banishment during the judicial practice process.Most of the materials used in this paper are collected from the official documents of Qing Dynasty, the records and research products from domestic and foreign specialists and scholars are also cited. The banishment issue in this paper has been conducted and analyzed with a multi-angle from multi-disciplinary perspective.This paper contains three parts: the preface, text and conclusion. The preface contains the following contents: the purpose and meaning of this paper’s theme, the domestic and foreign research and records, frame, the definition of the concept and research method of this paper. The text of this paper contains four parts, the first part is the introduction to this banishment to Xinjiang, the background and evolution of this banishment during theQianlong Period is given. The second part has analyzed the basis of the conviction, the relevant charges and staff composition; in the third and fourth parts, the execution conditions of the banishment to Xinjiang of Qianlong Period is introduced, including the deportation, disposition locations, activities, restrains, endings and the way out.The conclusion of the paper is divided into the generalization and summary of the basic views: despite the application of law or the execution of judgment, the basic characteristic during the judicial practice of the Qing Dynasty of the banishment to Xinjiang lies in--the Imperial Power-Centered integration of certainty and uncertainty.