The Study Of The Ming Dynasty Gai Liu Fu Tu Phenomenen In Yun Nan And Gui Zhou

Gai Liu Fu Tu is refers to the quick recovery of the governance approach from governing by the officials sent by the central government to governing by the local bureaucracy, local feudal nobles or the local hereditary soil emirates in minority areas in Ming Dynasty, which implemented the central autocratic system. It is is a kind of special social phenomenon.When Ming dynasty was firstly set up, in order to realize the rapid control of the southwest minority areas and the reunification of the country, the governor of Ming followed the implementation of Yuan Dynasty in the southwest minority regions by implementing Tu Si system, which was a governance approach of using the local bureaucracy, local feudal nobles or the local hereditary soil emirates to govern the minority areas. However, the installing of Tu Si in southwest minority regions was only a kind of temporary management of the Ming rulers. Their final purpose was to directly control the minority border region. In order to achieve this goal, during the period of Hong Wu, Ming Dynasty began to change the governance approach from governing by the local bureaucracy to governing by the officials sent by the central government in southwest minority areas. But it was premature to carry out the reform coupled with the limited power of the rule, the governance approach of governing by the officials sent by the central government and the governance approach of governing by the local bureaucracy existed at the same time. Although the return of the governance approach of governing by the local bureaucracy was not historical development mainstream, from another angle, it reflected the condition of policy conduct and the effect of Ming Dynasty in the border and minority area.This article takes the phenomenon of Gai Liu Fu Tu in Yunnan-Guizhou region in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1640) as the research topic. On the basis of consulting large amounts of historical data, the paper undertakes statistical analysis at length about the data of the local bureaucracy recovering to power, and arrive at a conclusion that the appearance of Gai Liu Fu Tu in Yunnan-Guizhou region in Ming Dynasty is not individual or accidental, but has a considerable prevalence. Investigating its reason, from the perspective of the central government, the two kinds of governance approaches are for the needs of maintenance of stability in Yunnan-Guizhou region and the national unity of Ming Dynasty; From the local perspective, the use of either kind of governance approaches mainly reflected that the conditions of social development in Yunnan-Guizhou region were not mature for the large-scale Gai Tu Gui Liu reform. The hereditary headmen in Yunnan-Guizhou region and the minority of the Ming Dynasty did not agree with or accept the policy of Gai Tu Gui Liu. Although the phenomenon of Gai Tu Fu Liu in Yunnan-Guizhou region in the Ming Dynasty is only a kind of historical process of reversal, it has far-reaching historical significance and impact, that is, it provided reference for the Qing Dynasty and the later the governments to undertake large-scale, and thorough change to the ruling policy of governing the minority areas by the officials sent by the central government, and accumulated experience. Besides, it provides experience and reference for us to manage minority areas today.