The Involution Of Rural Organization

After reform and opening-up policy, taking tax reform and supporting policies as the cut-off point, rural society is encountered with various of governance patterns and dilemmas. This passege analyses different patterns and internal machanism of governance delimma before and after tax reform by performance logic of rural governance organisition,householders,powerful family and bullies in rural society. Then it points out: before tax reform, influenced by institutional arrangements which mainly aim at national resources learning, rural communities of interest begin taking their shape and gradually solidify; this causes a phenomenon that basic-level organisitions possess national resources by means of free rider. The feature"revenue agent"of rural organisition appears evidently, whose consequences are that farmers are bearing increasing havily berden and legitimacy of state power faces the risk of loss. This is also called involution of state power. Because it takes state tax system as manily dependence, in a degree see-saw of state power is an epiphytic product of this system, so it's also called system-oriented involution. Our country copes with the delimma effectively through tax reform. However, governance delimma appears in new face: governance power and responsibility of rural organisition lose, and gradually suspend on villages; therefore, all kinds of forces in rural society are equipted with abilities and conditions which make them bagain with basic-level organisitions. In the process of see-saw and game, the top-down welfare and farmer-benefit policies and a considerable portion of local society development achievements are cut up by various of forces in and out our system. Basic-level governance authority,governance resources and legitimacy are gradually missing. Compared with delimmas before tax reform, this kind of delimma differs in forming machanism,influencing scope and nature. This passege calls this governance patter or delimma as basic-level governance involution, because the interests in it are called central appeal of those forces, so we can call it interest-oriented involution.This passege unfold around two clues, the writing clue running through the whole passege is that how the highlight of all forces in rural society leads to basic-level governance involution, that is, in the period after tax reform, all kinds of forces like township governmant,village-level organisitions,villager groups and various of householders,powerful family,bullies, are how to shape basic-level governance involution delimma in mutual game; in the meanwhile, the action logic,role and changing machanism of each force differs significantly; in order to show richness and convincement of experiences, in each chapter the author will introduce stressingly the complex face of one force, thereby detailed characterization for historic changing,action feature and performance machanism of each part of rural governance field entity.Through the showing of the two basic-level governance pattern and delimma, the author hope to reach three purposes: First, show new governance patterns and delimmas emerging in rural society in a period after tax reform through experience research approach. And taking this as a entry point, the author try to illustrate fracture of tax reform and related institutional arrangements in political and governance logic, and illustrate that double weakening of village responsibilities is a direct cause which leads to current delimma; Second, in current situation which refom play a dominant role, series of reforms in rural society take the philosophy of modern nation-building as blueprint, this passege takes basic-level governance involution as an entry point, demonstrates defferents and conflicts between rural governance logic and modern nation-building philosophy; Third, through relationship between government and farmers in basic-level governance delimma, the author relects the paradox at present between political power construction and rural governance, and hopes to provide valuable suggestions for rural basic-level governance.