Qingpingshantang If This Dynamic Particle Research

Scripts for story-telling in Song and Yuan folk literature are the important language materials for the study of modern Chinese because of its strong features of spoken language. This article is intended to examine the auxiliary words in Qingpingshantang huaben which keeps more features of the Song and Yuan language. The grammatical meanings and functions of the auxiliary words in Qingpingshantang huaben are carefully and concretely described by way of observation to the end and quantitative analysis. On the base of it the method of comparative analysis is used to uncover the features of auxiliary words in Qingpingshantang huaben and aimed to seek its developing source.The Song and Yuan dynasty is the period in which the system of auxiliary words was internally regulated and normalized. By contrasting the grammatical meaning and function of the seven auxiliary words "le", "que", "de", "jiang", "qu", "guo", "zhe" in Qingpingshantang huaben with them in other works beyond the scripts of Song and Yuan literature, we find some auxiliary words' grammatical functions are extended, others are narrowed. The frequency of use of "le" is increased, the range of use is extended, syntax format is complicated, grammatical meaning is gradually unitary. The frequency of use of "que" and "qu" are lowered, the range of use are narrow, syntax format are unitary. They present the tendency of shrinking. The function of auxiliary word "de" in Qingpingshantang huaben is sole; it only expresses the completion and realization of the action. Its grammatical meaning in Qingpingshantang huaben is less than it in the preceding and the corresponding language materials. The grammatical meaning of "jiang" keeps the same with it insome other preceding and corresponding language materials, but the syntax format of it is somewhat developed, the compound directional objective after "verb+'jiang"' has been increased. The use of auxiliary word "guo" is quite little. Its syntax format does not develop perfectly, but has possessed all the grammatical meanings of it in the system of common speech of the modern Chinese language. The developing momentum of "zhe" is stronger, its grammatical meaning is also tendedto be single---express the remaining of the action state. Compared withthe syntax format of "verb+'zhe"' in the system of common speech of the modern Chinese language, it has basically possessed the present syntax format.Moreover we conclude that in Qingpingshantang huaben the same grammatical meaning (or the same action state) can be expressed by several different auxiliary words. There are intersections of grammatical function and meaning between them. But viewing from the frequency and range of use, we find the quantitative difference between them is rather bigger. On expressing the completion and realization of the action state, the frequency of use of "le" is far more than other auxiliary words. The order is: "le">"de">"jiang" >"qu" ≥ "zhe" >"que". On expressing the remaining of the action state, "zhe" takes the absolute advantage. The order is: "zhe">"le">"jiang" >"que". There is only "guo" expressing the completion and experience of action. Its weakening-oriented development is still very slow although there is no other auxiliary words expressing its grammatical meaning.