| For protecting cultivated land, ensuring national food security and social stability, China implemented the most stringent farmland protection institution in the world. However, there were external benefits of cultivated land protection and the duty of cultivated land protection was not clear. Consequently, there was still rapid reduction of cultivated land in China, and the cultivated land protection policy failed to achieve the desired results. Chongqing City is the only municipality in central and western regions of China, which integrates large cities and rural areas, large reservoir, mountainous and ethnic areas. The contradiction between urban and rural structure became critical, and the task of achieving balanced development among different regions is arduous. Particularly, the situation of cultivated land protection will be rather grim in the next period of time.Based on the grim situation that Chongqing faced in protecting cultivated land and the reality that China's current cultivated land preservation system did not achieve anticipated results, this paper equity on the economic means to establish regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection to alleviate the rapid reduction of cultivated land, to harmonize relationships of regional interests, to improve cultivated land preservation system from the perspective of the equivalence of responsibility and obligation in cultivated land protection.The thesis is consisted of seven chapters:Chapter 1 mainly discussed the background of subject, research purpose and significance, research content, research ideas and methods of this paper. At the same time, the author reviewed the research progress and situation, exploration and practice on cultivated land protection and compensation of cultivated land protection home and abroad.Chapter 2 interpreted and defined the basic terms of compensation of cultivated land protection, established the theoretical foundation based on the theories of scarcity, externality, land value, institutional economics as well as sustainable development.Chapter 3 analyzed present state and facing situation of cultivated land protection in Chongqing, and proposed the necessity of innovating cultivated land protection system as well as establishing compensation and incentive mechanism.Chapter 4 firstly illustrated the significance of establishing regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection, and proposed general thought on establishing regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection. Following, it analyzed and defined various elements of regional compensation. Finally, it found basic thought about regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land in Chongqing from clearing regional duty of cultivated land protection.Chapter 5 presented the regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection of Chongqing from compensation objects identification, the compensation funds accounting, the determination of compensation standard, and the overall operation and supervision based on chapter 4.Chapter 6 discussed safeguard measures that insured the regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection running from three aspects including law, institution and technology.Chapter 7 summarized and generalized the conclusion of this study from "why it would be compensated", "how can it be compensated", "who should compensate and be compensated", "what to compensate", "how much should be compensated", then discussed the limitations of this study.The paper reaches the following conclusions:(1)Why would it be compensated?As cultivated land protection institution of China was principal-agent infrastructure which was built by administrative order, there were problems in defining responsibility and obligation to protect cultivated land in different areas, combined with external benefits of the protection of cultivated land. The current institution of cultivated land protection could not efficiently stimulate the responsibility of the regional commitment for protection initiative. Therefore, to effectively curb the region's impulse to accelerate conversion of cultivated land, to encourage them to actively fulfill the obligation of cultivated land protection, to harmonize relationships of economic interests among regions, we should eliminate externality of regional cultivated land protection and improve the cultivated land preservation system by means of regional compensation relying on economic instruments based on clearing regional duty of cultivated land protection.(2)How can it be compensated?The compensation method for cultivated land protection may be either direct funding or in-kind compensation; it can be indirect policy or intelligence compensation. The regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection in Chongqing this study found was a kind of fund compensation which domain by the government. It was established through public financial payments and administrative means, and relied on the system of public finance such as financial transfer payment and special fund to achieve compensation.(3) Who should compensate and be compensated?The areas which assumed less responsibilities for cultivated land protection (often densely populated and higher levels of urbanization and industrialization, the economic developed areas) should compensate the areas which assume more responsibilities for cultivated land protection (often urban-based and the low level of industrialization major grain producing areas, underdeveloped areas). We could determine the compensated regions and be-compensated regions by calculating the cultivated land deficit/surplus. It was estimated that in 2008, Shapingba, Yuzhong, Yubei, Jiangbei, Dadukou, Jiulongpo, Beibei and Nanan district of Metropolitan and Wansheng district, Bishan county, Shuangqiao district and Wanzhou district were cultivated land deficit districts (counties), should pay compensation, while the others were cultivated land surplus districts (counties), should obtain compensation.(4) What to compensate?Regional compensation of cultivated land protection is actually cultivated land surplus deficit areas on protected areas beyond the scope of its obligation to value that part of land compensation. It gets involved with two aspects:the compensation area and value standard of cultivated land protection.The compensation area of cultivated land protection was cultivated land deficit/surplus area of different regions. As there were differences between cultivated land quality and its actual production capacity among different regions, the compensation areas of cultivated land protection were not directly comparable. Therefore, protection of cultivated land in the region accounting of the amount of compensation should be based on the results of agricultural land grading according to certain conversion coefficient of the region to standardize the protection of cultivated land conversion compensation area.The compensation standard of cultivated land protection was the value of per unit cultivated land area which should be put into the regional compensation. As part of the value of cultivated land was compensated by market dealings, and cultivated land surplus regions also obtained parts of the value, only part of the value of cultivated land which cannot be realized in market should be paid for regional compensation standard of cultivated land protection. It was estimated that the regional compensation standard for cultivated land protection of Chongqing was 3.92 Yuan/m2-a in the form of "yearly rent system", including the value of development right, state food security strategy and ecology safety.(5) How much should be compensated?It was accounted that the cultivated land deficit districts (counties) should pay 27.99 billion RMB to the whole fund of regional compensation of cultivated land protection, while the cultivated land surplus districts (counties) should get 24.458 billion RMB compensation funds. |
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