| With the rapid development of economy and the process acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the quantity and quality of cultivated land that is one of the most precious natural resources take on tendency of decrease and drop, which is the economy development must to pay the cost. However, many regions plead economy development to enclosure land because the duty of cultivated land protection is not clear and it is parked in public place in China. Therefor, our country implement the most severe institution of cultivated land protection, but there is a certain gap between the real and expected effects. It is a threat of food security, social stabilization and sustainable development of economy. How to protect cultivated land better has become one of major issues of government and researchers so far.Nowadays, many studies on China's cultivated land protection have been conducted. In those studies, most of them focused on how to implement the institution that is being carried out. However, studies on. futher reasons that the institution don't get to expected effects and how to reform it are deficient. Based on the theories analyzed about cultivated land protection, the paper analyze regional duty of protecting cultivated land, insuring food security and stablifying society, and found regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection. The paper consists of eight chapers had can be divided into four parts. They are successively the study on the theoretical basis, the mechanism's design, the applying of the mechanism, and the conclusion and suggestion. Major contents of every part show as follows:The first part is composed of three chapters. In the section, the author has analyzed the relation between the economy development and cultivated land protection, the institution change of cultivated land and its performance, and further explored the reason that cultivated land not get to aim on the basis o commentary on researches of cultivated land both at home and abroad. The first chapter is an introduction, which mainly discusses the foundation and basic thought of this paper; The second chapter is on the retrospect research progress and theoretical basis; The third chapter is on relation between economy development and institution, and on the basis of the relation, the paper has analyzed the institution Change of cultivated land protection and its performance, then is a discussion of the reason.The second part is composec of three chapters. In this section, the author reforms our country's institution of cultivated land protection. The fourth chapter founds compensation mechanism framework of regional cultivated land protection from three aspects of regional cultivated land deficit or surplus estimating, compensation standard ascertaining, and management ,and supervision in the light of clearing regional duty of cultivated land protection; The fifth chapter is mainly on estimating regional cultivated land deficit or surplus; The sixth chapter deals tith tuo key issues that is value standard and area standard of compensation.The third part is applying of regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection. In the seventh chapter, taking Fujian Province and Heilongjiang Province as a example, the paper found the mechanism of the two provinces.The study reaches some conclusion as follows:(1) Protecting cultivated land, insuring food security and society stabilization is the duty of every region. Our country's institution of cultivated land don't get to expected effects because of dim property right of cultivated land protection. Every region should perform the duty fair on the basis of common food self-support ratio and living standard. The region that can't fufill duty should pay money to region that complete much more work.(2) Since the reform and opening, our country's institution of cultivated land protection has changed a lot, whether round about the foundation of Bureau of Land Management or after the foundation of Land Resources Department and a quite flawless institution system has been formed, which plays an important role in protecting China's cultivated land resources. But, with the misty duty of cultivated land protection that result in market failure and government failure, there is a certain gap between the real and expected effects, and need to reform the institution further.(3) China covers a vast expanse of land and comprehensive productivity of different regions vary depending on land quality, natural climate and the way of making use of land. Under the unified food consumption standard of 300kg, 450kg and 500kg, and the self-support of 95% and 90%, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, He'nan, Hainan, Yunnan and Tibet have a favourable balance in cultivated land in the year of 2002,2010,2020 and 2030, whereas, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Qinghai are confronted with land deficit, and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government behave differently under different living standard and self-support, which indicates that people are facing a rather arduous task of protecting cultivated land and food safety in China.(4) Cultivated-land-deficit regions should compensate economically cultivated-land-surplus regions to some extent and the standards are to be defined. There are two kinds of compensation standards: value standard, i.e., the value of per unit area land, and area standard, i.e., conversion coefficient of cultivated land in different regions.----Value standardAccording to resources economics, property value of resources consists of three parts:commodity value, environmental value and conversion and compensation value. In China, a populous country, land is different from other natural resources and plays a special and important role. Apart from commodity value, ecological value and conversion and compensation value, it is still of social value, which can be further divided into social security value, country's food strategic safety value and developing rights value.A complete compensation on the basis of land's value is not carried out because some functional value of land has been compensated in everyday life. For example, under existing market conditions, commodity value has been achieved during the process of crops business and just the value of the part not achieving social average profit should be compensated. Redefining the-land compensating value, the study figures that regional compensation standard value of land protection should be 1,070,300 yuan/hm~2 on average in China, among which, commodity economy compensation value of land takes up 9,600 yuan/hm~2, environmental compensation value 5,700 yuan/hm~2 and social compensation value 1,055.000 yuan/hm~2 (peasants' employment security compensation value 93,300 yuan/hm~2, food safety compensation value 459,300 yuan/hm~2, development rights' value 502,400 yuan/hm~2). If in the form of "yearly rent system", yearly compensation value of per unit land is 44,700 yuan/hm~2.----Area standardOn the basis of Regulations, for Grading Agricultural Land and the work on grading agricultural land in each region, grading index is changed into standard productivity's index, with the change of expression mode. Natural quality evaluation results of grading applied, regional land evaluation combined, the ratio of average standard food yield per unit land to the highest yield per unit land being the standard coefficient of land use, standard quality index of regional land is measured and conversion coefficient of regional land area is calculated consequently.The study calculates the average conversion coefficient of land between Fujian Province and Heilongjiang Province. According to the research into the grading of agricultural land, in Heilongjiang Province, natural quality grading index is 1595.3 on average and grading index of standardized land quality is 402.57, whereas in Fujian Province the indexes are 2124 and 620.02 respectively. Consequently, the land conversion coefficient of M=1.54 between these two provinces is obtained, which means that, on the whole, in Fujian Province land productivity of 1 hm~2 is equivalent to that of 1.54 hm~2 in Heilongjiang Province.(5) Furthermore, we can conclude from the experience study based on the example of Fujian Province and Heilongjiang Province. In 2002, there was a land deficit under the situation of 90% food self-support and food consumption per person of 400 kg in Fujian, while in Heilongjiang Province, there was a land surplus. In 2002, there was a land deficitof 769.7 hm~2, corresponding to the comprehensive quality of cultivated land of 1185.3 hm~2. According to the compensation standard of 44,700 yuan/hm~2, Fujian should compensate 53,030,000 yuan per year for Heilongjiang since 2002.Therefore, under the leadership of Land Resources Department, land protection fund has been founded, which is in charge of calculating, taking over and paying compensation fund, using the fund properly and carrying out land protection task.In the end ,based on the above results of studies, the paper puts forward policy suggestion, including: definitizing duty of regional cultivated land protection based on the regional fairness; founding regional compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection; strengthening the evaluation of cultivated land value; quickening the work on grading agricultural land; promoting the degree of institution impleted, increasing the cost of disobeying institution.
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