"Green Trade Barrier" To Shandong Province Agricultural Productexportation Influence And Its Countermeasure Research

Green trade barrier',which is characterized by environmental measures,hasbecome one of the main forms of current trade barriers because thetariffandnon-tariffmeasuresaredecreasinggraduallyduringtheprocessoftr ade-liberalization.Undoubtedlythis new form of trade protectionism brings' newdifficultiestointernationaltradethatisoriented to trade-liberalization. And because of its diversityand duality the green trade barrier is more and more complicated,whichmadedeveloping countries face new problems when they accelerate the economicdevelopment and magnify their foreign trades.Like all the previous protectionism in the history,Green Trade Protectionism(GTP) was been created to serve the interest of the ruling makers.With WTO formed and world trade being liberalized,traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers(after tariffication) are required to be gradually removed within a specific period.This leads to the innovation of new types of trade barriers,among which Green Trade Barrier(GTB) is the most outstanding with a legal and sound excuse by protecting the human health and ecological environment.Green Trade Barriers refer to those non-tariff barriers that are used to reduce,prohibit or resist imports to protect domestic industries and domestic producers through a series of harsh standards and legal approaches based on the excuse above.They could be applied by the government or social organizations(such as associations) or even by consumer's resistance.Mostly,these barriers have a scientific base, thus are usually classified as Technical Barriers to Trade(TBTs),which implies the technological competition among nations.With the technological advantages,developed countries are extremely creative and innovative in inventing and applying such barriers from end products in early years to the whole Production and Processing Methods(PPMs) at present.This has been unfavorably causing the developing nations to lose some of their traditional markets.It seems to be true that the prevailing and ramification of GTP has seriously affected the international trade pattern and attracted much attention at home and abroad.But literature shows that,up to date,GTP hasn't been formally and systematically investigated as a trade protection theory.Naturally,this becomes one of the major objectives of this dissertation.Theoretical analyses have given us some interesting information:First,different levels of standard have different impacts on the economic efficiency:the stricter the standards,the less the efficiency; the more advanced technology a nation(or a group) owns,the less impacts on it.Thus,changes in the levels of standard will generate thebenefit redistribution between the nations or groups with different levels of technology.That is why developed countries are so interested in enhancing standards unceasingly.Second,the internalization of environmental costs, which requires the employment of new technology,may certainly increase the cost of end products as reported,hut it might have quite different effects on differently value-added products,changing the cost structure of the products,the comparative conditions of factor endowments and comparative advantages.This is also unfavorable for developing nations with most low-value-added products.Third,bad news,usually released by developed countries,may cause the import demand curve shift leftward by inducing the consumer preference toward domestic goods from imports.It is hard to judge whether the consumer surplus has gained or lost because different people have different feelings:the rich maybe concerned of their own healthand could be satisfied by resisting these imports at the low price,while the poor may feel disappointed of consuming domestic goods at higher price.The net welfare for the importing country depends on the balance of producer's gain and the net consumer's loss.The above three aspects indicate that the GTBs could be effectively used for the economic motives despite the alleged health and environmental considerations.Finally,the extension of GTP may also cater to the needs of politicians.Producers' benefits have to be taken into consideration under the current political mechanisms in developed countries when the GTBs are designed and applied. The consequence is obvious:the products from developed nations may freely enter developing nations,while the products from developing nations are difficult to enter developed nations owing to the harsher and harsher standards.It sounds like the revival of Mercantilism.Based on theoretical analyses above,it is easy to find out that,the formation of WTO and the end of Uruguay Round negotiations does not mean that the universal trade liberalization has already reached in the real world,and that market openness is equivalent.This basic conclusion has a theoretical and practical meaning for us to judge the international situation correctly on the background of global economic integration.The investigation into the cases of our agricultural products rejected by developed nation' s shows that almost all these products have cost advantages compared with their foreign counterparts or comparative advantage compared with other agri-products in China.The quantitative analysis to GBT can provide data supporting for policy design and dispute settlement.Therefore the author analyses the impact of standards and technical regulations on trade firstly,which can be either positive or negative.Then,the author summarizes the GBT status in our agriculture trade and introduces the gravity model to analyze the impact on the pesticide MRL standards in EU on the seafood export based on previous analysis.The results of empirical study show that the pesticide MRL standards on seafood in EU have negative impact on the seafood export, but the MRL standards in China can increase export and the shared standards in two countries have positive impact on export.