A Study On Teachers Of Traditional Elementary School In Ming And Qing Dynasties

A study on teachers of traditional elementary school in Ming and Qing dynasties is a important part of the traditional educational and cultural research. In this dissertation, the teachers who taught in all kinds of traditional elementary school in Ming and Qing are research object. And it is from a Educational Sociology and Educational Cult urology viewpoint ,and with the aid of pen jottings, genealogy, local chronicles, collect works and so on that I perspective and analyze the teachers of traditional elementary school from many aspects.The emerge and growth of teachers in traditional elementary school is one continuous line with social development and traditional elementary educational development. Following the Ming and Qing social development of politic, economy, culture, imperial examination and population growth, the traditional elementary educational development got into a prime time. So more and more people went in for the teachers. And the teachers became complicated social group composed of shengyuan, tongsheng, officers resigned from an official post, gongsheng, jiansheng and other people.Although the components of teachers in traditional elementary school were complicated, they must have the requisite qualification for teaching personnel. To sum up, the qualifications of good character and fine scholarship, and entering an ancient institution of higher learning were the important factors when they were employed in teaching. And they were employed by four ways: official employment, official employment with public nomination, public nomination and private employment. Further more, the teachers also accepted the check of the employer during their teaching. If they couldn't live up to standards, they would be dismissed.Teachers of traditional elementary school got income by teaching labor. Their income was an important factor reflecting their living conditions. In general, their income consisted of remuneration, meals and some gifts for festival. Of course, there were great differential among the teachers' income. The teachers' income of yixue and shexue had representative in all teachers, their economic situation were in socialmiddling level, but there is a whole pauperization tendency for all teachers' economicsituation.As a social and cultural person, the teachers of traditional elementary school hada great deal of socio-cultural activities. Reading, writing and social inter course werebasic content of the teachers' social life.Social status of the teachers in traditional elementary school had complexity.They not only had shiren's political and economical right, but also had special right ofcultural education and different social prestige. Moreover they found an outlet made them the admiration of other people.The teachers of traditional elementary school bore initial basic education responsibilities in culture and ethics, laid a cultural foundation for social civilization progression of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and provided imperial examinations with large of qualified personal. They also enlightened all the inhabitants of a township by education of some social activities, which played a important role in establishing good public order. They also often participated in local cultural constructions and social management, such as building traditional private school, giving fanatical aid to students, editing local chronicles and genealogy, settling a dispute and so on. So they promoted development of local cultural and educational undertakings.