The Philological Research On The System Of Dismissing Officials In Northern Wei Dynasty

This paper will do research on the system of removing people from official position of Northern Wei from the following five aspects.The first part will define the meaning of removing people from official position. In the first place, we will make a brief analysis of the relationships among official dismission,'miansuojuguan('免所居官),'baiyilingzhi('白衣领职), and punishment. In the second place, we will define the meaning of official dismission that official did not take punishment any more after dismission.The second part will disscuss the reasons why there Northern Wei government dismissing people from official position. There are two mian reasons for official dismission. One reason is crime ,the other is non-crime . Crime reason is composed of non-criminal offence and criminal offence. Criminal offence is that official should give moe punishment but only take dismission because their status is high and is proteted by"bayi"and official dismission could trade with pently. The reasons for official dismission of non-criminal offence could be classified into encroaching imperial power, derelicting duty, conducting the military actions ineffectively, disobeying the norm of etiquette, and conducting the public affairs incompetently. The reasons for derelicting duty is impotant, they are the action of stoling property of govement ,bribery, distubing social order ,failing to duty , authorization and so on.In addition ,we disscuss the proplem of dissmisson of innoent and public story that no person have studied.The third part will do philological research on the way of official dissmission. There are two ways, one way is official dissmission by the way of ministers presented their fault to the emperor, the other way is emperors made a tour of various places and center official was sended to local places to inspect by emperors.The differences between two ways have two points. First, target is different. Target for the first way can be the official of local government and center government. Target for the second way only can be the official of local government. Second, process is different. the first way need official report , but the second way did not need. The first way also two process. When the general officials were dissmissed, they need be discussed by ministers of department of state affair. When the officials of"bayi", they are disscussed by royal household. The second way also have two manners. During the circle of emperor, emperor would dismiss officials by himself without department of state affair. Sometimes, center officials that sended to local places to inspect by emperor can dissmiss officials directly, then report to emperor.The fourth part will make a brief analysis of assigning people to some posts after being removed."jie"is one of rank of official. The part does research on the degradation when the people were assigned to the posts again and other forms of being assigned. For example, the reassignments were carried out when the crown princes mounted the throne and the wars broke out.The fifth part will analyze the roles removing officials played in the politics in Northern Wei. The positive functions are defending the imperial power and rectifying the administration of local officials. The negative one was that it maybe be took advantage by some ministers to crack down political opponents. Furthermore, removing the officials from their posts improperly connived at some officials crimes.