| The Jin Dynasty,as a regime established by the Nvzhen in the northeast of China,although modeled on the central parts in the form of the regime,consequently,it was inevitably marked by the ruling style of the northern minority.Among these prominent aspects is the rod-punishment to the officials in Jin Dynasty.This practice has experienced from the first two emperors period of “the common punishment of the close officials”,to the third and forth emperor period of “arbitrary punishment-usage”,finally till the rest ones “gradually absorbing into the system”.This process reflects the changing process of the relationships between emperors and their officials to the tendency of master-slave patterns in the Jin Dynasty.Through the material-scrutiny and analysis of the situation of rod-punishment to the officials,we can not only understand the degree of leniency and strictness of the rulers in the Jin Dynasty,but also would find out the general changing trend of the relationship between emperors and their officials in the Jin Dynasty.Under the influence of the former existence “master-servant relationship” trend,the authority of the emperors of Jin Dynasty was gradually strengthened with the acquiescence of most of the officials who had special relationship with their emperor,and the servant-featured status of officials became increasingly prominent.However,it should be pointed out that although the relationship between the emperor and the officials of Jin Dynasty as master-slave was emerging,it was in the same line with the later dynasties of the Yuan,Ming and Qing in terms of its specific manifestations.But the formation of the extreme autocratic monarchy system of the later dynasties could not be entirely attributed to that of Jin Dynasty.On one hand,the situation of extreme absolute monarchy and increasing servility is influenced by the general historical trend of increasing imperial power.On the other hand,the relationship between emperor and officials was formed under the promotion of the thought of“absolute loyalty to the emperor” which had been gradually strengthened from Song Dynasty.To be concluded,the final establishment and consolidation of the relationship between the emperor and his officials was the result of a considerable number of factors,while the relationship between the emperor and his officials in the Jin Dynasty was just at the embryo stage.On one hand,rod-punishment to officials serves the role that theemperor punished his officials for their mistakes,and on the other hand,it was an effective means to overcome the crisis of the legitimacy of the emperor’s rule.The framework of this paper is divided into six chapters.The first part is the introduction of this paper.This part is mainly about the definition of relevant concepts,the review of academic history,and the research ideas,methods,innovative points and difficulties.The second part is: the development of the problem of Jin Dynasty.In this part,I mainly narrated the development context of this phenomenon of officials receiving rod punishment in Jin Dynasty,so as to make preparations for the exploration of the cause,purpose and characteristics of officials receiving rod punishment.The third part is:the cause and purpose of this phenomenon.Through the previous chapters,I tried to make a preliminary study on the cause and purpose of Jin Dynasty officials who received punishment.The fourth part is: the characteristics of this phenomenon of Jin Dynasty.In this chapter,I compared this phenomenon of officials’ receiving rod punishment with that of previous dynasties and summarized the characteristics of the problem of officials’ rod punishment in Jin Dynasty.The fifth part is the development of the relationship between the emperors and their officials.Through the analysis of the situation of the increasing power of emperors and the declining status of officials in the Jin Dynasty,this part discussed the formation of the relationship between emperors and officials of the slave type.The final part is the conclusion of this paper.Rod punishment,through the previous chapters’ discussion,relative correlation analysis,and finally from the perspective of“monarch ruling legitimacy crisis”,then come to the conclusion — on the basis of the regime long-lasting,the emperor’s personality model,as well as members of the ruling class of the factors such as ethnic composition complicity,the “regime legitimacy crisis”of Jin Dynasty seemed fiercer than that of previous dynasty.As a consequence,the rod punishment in its political system served as the effective measures to defuse such crisis. |
