A Study Of Internal And External Costs Of Private Car-use In Urban Areas

Conflict between supply and demand: of city traffic is getting more and more emergent accompanied by china's economic development and improvement of mobilization level. The research is based on the background. Internal cost is mainly undertaken by private car owner, while as external cost is undertaken by the public. Effective management methods and policy measures can be reasonably established, automobile's development can be reasonably controlled, traveler's travel choices can be guided correctly, traffic congestion can be relieved and environment influence can be reduced because of research on internal and external cost of private car use.The paper conducts research aiming at internal and external cost of private car-use in urban area. Researches on internal cost of private car-use haven't formed completed system both home and abroad, and there're still controversies in research on externality and external cost. Research on traffic and transportation cost in China is still in development stage and integrated researches on internal and external cost of private car-use in urban area are still lacking. Connotation and categories of Internal and external cost caused during private car-use in urban area has been studied, measures and effectiveness of reasonable internalization has been discussed and policies and measures which will be guiding private car-use in China has been analyzed in this paper which is based on micro analysis principles and methods of internality and externality of economic.(1) 3 factors including:private car owner's individual behavior, infrastructure level of urban road and traffic policy can affect internal cost of car-use which includes 4 aspects:direct travel cost, use-cost of road infrastructure, tax and insurance cost, maintain and other cost. Calculation model of internal cost of private car-use has been comprehensively established after feature and connotation of each cost has been stated. Direct travel cost and use-cost of road infrastructure are the major proportion of private car-use's internal cost while tax and insurance cost and maintain and other cost are in the minority. In Beijing,2008, internal cost of private car-use, fuel consumption is 2073.6L per year, fuel cost is about 12,400 Yuan per year; average cost of purchasing parking space is about 802.03 Yuan per year, and parking cost is 146.70 per month, and is equal to 1760.4 Yuan per year; average bridge toll is 720.63 per year; average insurance cost is 3324.72 Yuan per year, maintain cost is 2364.92 Yuan per year.(2) this paper detailedly analyzed four aspects of external cost of private car-use, including traffic congestion cost, environment pollution cost, traffic accident cost and land use cost. Calculation model of external cost of private car-use has been comprehensively established after feature and connotation of each cost has been stated. Transportation management department have 4 policies including:planning management policy, economic policy, technology standard policy and publicity policy to internalize external cost of private car-use aiming at internalizing external cost of private car-use and correctly guiding traveler's travel choices.(3) Increasing the supplement of traffic facilities simply is not effective method to solve the traffic congestion, and the good way is reasonable guidance to traffic demand, such as:①coordinating land using and road network layout, changing the distribution of travel;②making the public traffic preferential and optimized;③reasonable parking facilities;④encouraging "P+R" mode;⑤increasing the fuel fee and fuel tax;⑥fee of road congestion;⑦reasonable taxes and insurances;⑧developing the ITS. There are several discouragements of TDM in China, just like,①several undeveloped measures, e.g. the rule of car licenses in Shanghai;②several disability measures, e.g. the policy of car parking;③several measures difficult to carry out, e.g. the policy of congestion fee.