A Study Of Externalities Of Private Car-use In Urban Areas

The motorization and individualization of modern cities have made a close relation with economic development. The living quality of people in metropolitan areas has been improved as the increased travel volumes. However, the motorization also has a lot of disbenefit. The most serious one is that the increasing of vehicle travel disbalance the demand and supple of transport system. These reduce the transport efficiency in the modern cities and also destroy the fairy among transport modes.The theories studies and practice experiences of Transport Demand Management(TDM) indicate, that the direct relation between road traffic condition and Private-Car(PC) ownership depend on the use of PC, which can be controlled. The studies of TDM in China just step on it's way, and still in the stage of paying equal attention on both the building and management. On the references of success experiences in developed countries, and on the real condition of China, there are a lot of researches done in China.On the base of principals and methods of microeconomics analyses on externality, this paper firstly estimates the external cost of PC using, secondly discusses the internalization measurements and corresponding outcomes of external cost, finally calculates the external cost of PC using in Beijing cites and analyses the internalization measurements and corresponding outcomes in Beijing. This paper has five parts as follow:(1) Introduce the theories and methods of externalities.This chapter introduces the models of externalities in the aspect of mathematics, explains the meaning of exterior economy and exterior diseconomy, presents six important theories, and discusses the absolute and relative measures of external cost.Furthermore, this chapter pays great attention on the microeconomic analysis method, takes some examples to expose the disadvantages of Pigou theories and Kos theorem when they explain the externalities, and contrasts the applicability of Pigou method and Kos method(2) Estimate the external cost of PC using in modern cities.This paper estimates the external cost of PC using in modern cities in four aspects, which are environment pollution, congestion, traffic accidents, and land-use.The environmental cost of PC using include air pollutions, noise pollutions and global warming impacts etc. The external cost of congestion is main about the time delayed, and also include the elements of pollution and traffic accidents. The external cost of traffic accidents have different methods to estimate on the base of different understanding of value of life. This chapter calculates the external cost of traffic accidents in Beijing, considering the value of life as the contribution of GDP in rest life of one person. Finally, the cooperation between Land-use and PC using are discussed.(3) Discuss the policies and measurements of the Internalization of External Cost (IEC).This chapter conforms three main principle of IOEC, indicates the total object of IEOC is to maximization the social benefits (social farewell)..So the user of PC should pay for the corresponding social cost, and the efficiency of economy and environmental system will be upgraded.Planning management and economic method are two main policies to internalize the external cost. This chapter mainly discusses the road-pricing policies, on the theoretical base of road congestion pricing and charging policies, analyses the peak-hour charging policies, points out the key problem when implement the road pricing measurements.(4) Analyze the effects of the IEC policies.This chapter firstly explains the externalities of transport system and the functions of IEC, and analyses the economic effects of IEC on three sceneries, on the base of marginal cost of PC using. Secondly, based on the microeconomics, the revenue effect and substitutive effect of PC using are analyzed and the conclusion, that implementing the IEC policies to PC user is benefit for the fare competition of traffic modes and the development of transit mode which has low social cost, is come to. Finally, according to the stochastic user equilibrium assignment theory, the writer builds the models estimating the effects of IEC and discusses the reasonable arithmetic. The writer uses a case to .analyses the traffic assignment difference before and after the congestion charging.(5) Calculate the congestion external cost and analyze the effect of IEC policies in Beijing.Using the conclusions of the studies above, this chapter specifies the content of congestion external cost, builds several calculating models, and calibrates the parameters. Based on the vehicle number, travel behavior and competitive investigation of transport system in Beijing, the congestion social cost of PC using are calculated.Furthermore, the real cost of PC using are analyzed and the controllable key points of traffic congestion are pointed out. The policies and measures of IEC in Beijing are specified, especially the parking demand management and planning. Finally, the writer calculates the effect of parking charging policy to the internalization of congestion external cost.