| In recent years, with rapid economy growth, China is also facing an increasingly environment constrain. Among the many problems of the environment and ecology , basin ecological problems particularly widespread, so its necessary to improve the ecological environment condition. In order to restore and reconstruct basin ecosystems, its necessary to pay compensation for the ecological builders and losers.Ecological compensation is an ecological environment protection economic instrument to promote basin region balanced and harmonious development .During the past 20 years has attracted attention in our country.Japan, Germany, the United States, Costa Rica and other countries already have relatively experiences and mature, including the horizontal transfer of funds, the credit fund system of water resources, environmental services payment project and legal system of water resources development ect.This article introduces the three main types of ecological compensationpractice of the basin water ecologicalcompensation in our country, including the sources of big rivers ecological building compensation practice,the provincial region of the upper and lower basins ecological compensations , and small and medium-sized basin ecological compensation between upstream and downstream .At present, the main policy instruments of by governments at higher levels of the domestic application of ecological compensation is compensation for the financial transfer payment to local governments and between governments at the same level of horizontal transfer payments. Some places have also explored many market-based eco-compensation mechanism, such as water trading, the development in other areas, the establishment of ecological compensation fund.Through the basic research of the theory of ecological compensation, pointed out that ecological compensation mechanism in China exists a basin ecological compensation funds are not in place , basin ecological compensation rights and obligations of the main dislocation, basin eco-compensation market imperfections and so on.To compensate for the basin ecological environment, its need to clear the mechanism of ecological compensation, and then select the subject and object , and then specify the principles and forms of compensation.Basin ecological compensation mechanism is the organization arrangement and institution structure of carrying out ecological compensation, in essence is by way of financial transfer payment , assign the ecological compensation cost in a reasonable correlation between upper and lower regions , Solving the benefit compensations of lower reaches to upper reaches, developed region to protected region, region of interest to region of damage.Basin eco-compensation is focused on water quality goals to determine the the subject and object of compensation.Generally believe that both upper and lower basins have the responsibility to protect the ecological environment and the responsibility to enforce environmental legislation.When the upper reaches the downstream water quality ,the downstream should compensate for the upper reaches; when the upper didn't did not meet the quality and quantity targets, or cause water pollution accident cases, the upper reaches should pay compensation for the lower reaches.Points from the acts of nature, the object of basin ecological compensation,including the main beneficiaries of basin ecology improvement and damagers of basin ecological environment. The object of basin eco-compensation include two major categories,the protectors of basin ecological environment and actors of reducing ecological environment damagement.From the Results of compensation point, the form of ecological compensation can be divided into the "blood trasfusion" compensation and "blood building" compensation. " blood trasfusion " compensation, including funding, policy and object compensation, " blood building " compensation, including the development in other areas, water trading, intelligence and the object compensation.The choice and calculation of compensation standards is the core of eco-efficiency compensation, related to the effects of compensation and the bearing capacity of compensation, but which is also the focus and difficulties of ecological compensation.Standard of compensation is the most difficult to determine and implement in the compensating process, and only a comprehensive, fair compensation standards would be more scientific and reasonable to promote the protection of ecological environment better.This thesis analyzes the connotation of the difference between the region Ecological building cost and the ecological benefit in the basin ,and put ecological rebuilding cost as a standard of compensation,pointing out that from the perspective of the need to supply the payment standard is more than standards.of necessary demand.By comparing the accuracy of measurement standards , pointing out that the cost of ecological reconstruction can be measured relatively objectively reflect the ecological reconstruction of the upper reaches of the input costs, the amount of compensation is relatively fair for all parties to accept. taking into account the different background basin pollution sources conditions and its influence factors.this standard of compensation is more appropriate at this stage of the calculation method of compensation.This thesis also introduced the ecological system of the pricing model of compensation, including the total cost of amendment model, water resources market price model, model based on cross-regional ecological compensation coefficient, model based on the upper reaches of the right loss to development restrictions compensation, model based on the maximum willingness to pay compensation model, based on the needs of downstream water quantity and quality of the compensation. Through the analysis of a variety of models, respectively pointed out that the application conditions, the advantages and limitations of the model. Ecological compensation payment including the public payment and the market trade payments, the market trade payments can also be divided into three forms: opened market trade,consulting trade and eco-labeling consultations,which the paper also introduced.Finally, take an example with Songhua lake basin, through monitoring points into the regions of upstream and downstream , according with the Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control," Eleventh Five-Year Plan ", set forth in the relevant indicators, take use of the amended cross-regional watershed-based eco-compensation model , calculated the compensation of Huifa River to the Songhua Lake water ;take use of the total cost of amendments model to calculate the compensation of jilin city to Songhua lake because of the good water quality that Jilin City get from the Songhua Lake because of the construction of the ecological building. determined the amount of the annual compensation from 2006 to 2010 between the upstream and downstream.The results showed that: Huifa River should pay for the reservoir area 48.609 million yuan every year; Jilin City should pay for the reservoir area 5 million yuan every year . Songhua Lake reservoir area proposed compensation and payment of fees should be targeted, focusing on the industrial enterprises of Huifa River , collecting sewage charges, according to different enterprises in different emissions to determine the amount of fees and charges; the lower reaches'compensation should follow a reasonable principles, the cost of ecological compensation should in the amount of increasing water costs. The ecological compensation of Songhua Lake both from the upper reaches due to pollution, and from the lower reaches of encouraging eco-building, has a very typical practice significance. It can be calculated through the model of the corresponding amount of fair compensation, to provide a basis to build.for the establishment of basin eco-sharing mechanism.
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