The Multi-level Impact Of Paradoxical Leadership On Employee Resilience And Team Resilience Under Environmental Uncertainty In High-star Hotels

Nowadays,the production,operation and management of high-star hotels are facing an increasingly complex and uncertain environment.Environmental uncertainty has exerted varying degrees of interference and influence on employees,managers and teams of high-star hotels,and managers often face various contradiction and conflicts.However,high-star hotels have strong vulnerability and weak ability to resist uncertainty risks.It has become an important issue for managers to effectively manage contradictions and improve resilience of employees and teams which can cope with the challenges of uncertain environment.Leadership is the transmitter of information and signals in departments and teams,and is also the baton of employees’ work attitude and behavior.As a leadership style based on the Chinese traditional philosophy of moderation and yin-yang thinking,paradoxical leadership abandons "black-white" / "either-or" thinking,and the tension between the two sides of the contradiction can be organically integrated through paradox.Paradox leadership has become an effective leadership method to effectively deal with complex contradictions.At the same time,it also has a positive and important impact on organizations,teams and employees.It is a realistic demand to play the positive role of paradoxical leadership in responding to environmental uncertainty challenges,and it is the current theoretical research gap that the path of paradoxical leadership to promote employee resilience and team resilience is unclear.Therefore,it has become a realistic research need and an important theoretical topic to study whether the paradoxical leadership of high-star hotels can effectively enhance employee resilience and team resilience.Based on the topic of "the multi-level impact of paradoxical leadership on employee resilience and team resilience under environmental uncertainty in high-star hotels ",and based on the research idea of "what"-"why"-"how",this study discusses the multi-level impact mechanism of paradoxical leadership on employee resilience and team resilience under environmental uncertainty in high-star hotels.It also provides theoretical basis and scientific methods for high-star hotels to improve employee resilience and team resilience.Based on this,this study is mainly divided into one qualitative study and two empirical studies:Through interviews with 23 leaders and grass-roots employees working in high-star hotels,and based on qualitative analysis of grounded theory,the first study constructs a multi-level theoretical model that the impact of paradoxical leadership on employee and team resilience under environmental uncertainty in high-star hotels.The qualitative research result shows that the paradoxical leadership will release five different signals of "motivation","human feelings","fairness","fuzziness" and "tolerance" to the teams and members of high-star hotels under environmental uncertainty.Paradoxical leadership will provide the signal of "motivation" to enhance employees’ psychological empowerment,transmit the signal of "human feelings" to enhance employees’ emotional commitment,provide the signal of "tolerance" to enhance team psychological security,and input the signal of "fairness" to promote team cohesion.Team cohesion and team psychological security are important resources for the construction of employee resilience and team resilience.The employees psychological empowerment and emotional commitment can meet the needs of employees’ autonomy,competence and relationship,which will stimulate employees’ internal motivation and improve employee resilience.At the same time,paradoxical leadership adopts the behavior mode of "taking both sides into account" and "both-and",which also brings "fuzziness" signal.Avoiding the fuzzy effects of paradoxical leadership depends on holistic thinking of employees,which is the boundary condition for paradoxical leadership to play a positive role.Based on social information processing theory and resource conservation theory,the second study explores the multi-level impact mechanism of team paradoxical leadership on employee resilience and team resilience in high-star hotels from the perspective of team level and team-employee cross-level.Through the design of the leader and employee matching questionnaire,a total of 117 department leaders and 533 grass-roots employees from 28high-star hotels were effectively investigated.Based on the collected data,the study uses HLM method,hierarchical regression analysis and Bootstrap method to empirically test the cross-level linear model.The research results show that team paradoxical leadership has a positive effect on team resilience and team cohesion plays a moderating role in the effect of team paradoxical leadership on team resilience,while it is not verified that the moderating role of team psychological security in the influence of team paradoxical leadership on team resilience;Environmental uncertainty positively mediates the effect of team paradoxical leadership on team cohesion,while environmental uncertainty negatively mediates the effect of paradoxical leadership on team psychological security.At the same time,team paradoxical leadership has a cross-level positive impact on employee resilience,and team cohesion plays a cross-level moderating role in the effect of team paradoxical leadership on employee resilience,while team psychological security does not play a moderating role in the effect of team paradoxical leadership on employee resilience.Based on the social information processing theory and individual self-decision theory,the third study explores the influence mechanism of paradoxical leadership behavior perceived by employees on employee resilience from the perspective of individual level.The empirical research results show that paradoxical leadership behavior has a positive impact on employee resilience.Both employees psychological empowerment and employees emotional commitment play partial moderating roles in the relationship between employees’ perceived paradoxical leadership behavior and employee resilience.Environmental uncertainty negatively mediates the relationship between employees’ perceived paradoxical leadership behavior and employees psychological empowerment and employees emotional commitment.At the same time,employees’ holistic thinking positively mediates the indirect effect of employees’ perceived paradoxical leadership behavior on employee resilience through employees psychological empowerment and employees emotional commitment.This study systematically analyzes and demonstrates the multi-level impact mechanism of paradoxical leadership on employee resilience and team resilience from team level perspective,team employee cross level perspective,and individual employee level perspective in high-star hotels.It extends the research on the result effect of paradoxical leadership,and clarifies the complex relationship between paradoxical leadership behavior and employee resilience or team resilience,and uncovers the "black box" that paradoxical leadership has positive effects on employee resilience and team resilience in high-star hotels,and also extends the multi-level influencing factor model of employee resilience and team resilience.At the same time,it discusses paradoxical leadership effects of high-star hotels in the context of environmental uncertainty,and examines the positive mediating role of employees’ holistic thinking under paradoxical leadership.It also provides a theoretical reference for avoiding negative effects of paradoxical leadership,and lays a theoretical basis for how to carry out paradox management under an uncertain environment.On the whole,based on the results of qualitative and quantitative research,this paper puts forward the following suggestions on how to carry out paradox management in high-star hotels,how to play the positive effect of paradox leadership,and how to improve employee resilience and team resilience: Firstly,high-star hotels need to recruit managers with paradoxical awareness and take measures to encourage managers to perform paradoxical leadership behaviors at work according to situation;Secondly,high-star hotels needs to improve the holistic cognitive thinking mode of employees,and select employees with holistic thinking for paradoxical leadership at work;Thirdly,in an uncertain environment,paradoxical leaders need to release and transmit clear information and signals according to time;Fourthly,high-star hotels need to create a harmonious atmosphere of team cohesion to stimulate employee resilience and team resilience;Fifthly,high-star hotels need to strengthen the level of employees psychological empowerment and employees emotional commitment to empower and shape their resilience.