| General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed on many occasions that we must unswervingly follow the path of common prosperity.Common prosperity is the common prosperity of all people.It is also the inevitable pursuit of the people for a better life.Moving towards common prosperity requires the first rich to lead and help the later rich,and the "later rich" crowd is the relatively poor,relatively backward,relatively difficult crowd.After the elimination of absolute poverty,the living needs of rural residents have gradually changed to diversified high-level needs such as improving health,improving education literacy and increasing wealth.This means that the identification and measurement of relative poverty from multiple dimensions can more accurately grasp and describe the connotation and extension of relative poverty.Most of the existing research results on multidimensional relative poverty take families as the object,lacking individual gender perspective and gender sensitivity,and the poverty situation among individuals is not "homogeneous".From the point of view of individual life stage,the multidimensional deprivation status of the elderly,adults and children is different,and the multidimensional relative poverty is obviously different.Comparatively speaking,the companionship of the elderly in their later years is more easily ignored,and the problem of physical and mental poverty is more prominent.Adults are under more and greater economic pressure and enjoy more decision-making power,economic poverty and empowerment are more important;As minors,the healthy development of children is the key,so life security is the focus.Based on the life cycle theory,this paper further divides the research objects at the individual level into the elderly,adults and children.At the same time,from the perspective of individuality,poverty differences between men and women exist for a long time and cannot be ignored.At present,there are few studies on relative poverty from the perspective of gender,and multidimensional studies on relative poverty from the perspective of gender are rare.Therefore,from the perspective of gender difference,this paper deeply explores the differences and influencing factors of multidimensional relative poverty of three groups of males and females.This paper follows the logic of "problem formulation--theoretical research--Empirical research--policy research" to carry out research.Based on the poverty reality in Rural China,the method of combining qualitative research and quantitative research is adopted to provide theoretical and policy basis for alleviating multidimensional relative poverty of rural individuals.Specifically,this paper comprehensively uses literature research method,comparative analysis method,deductive reasoning method and quantitative analysis method.On the basis of constructing multidimensional relative poverty index system in rural areas from the perspective of gender difference,it adopts The Data of Chinese Family Tracking Survey(CFPS).Using a-F method and equal-weight method,this paper identifies,measures and analyzes the multidimensional relative poverty rate,multidimensional relative poverty index and index contribution rate of rural elderly,adults and children of different genders in China.By using comparative analysis and Tobit model,this paper empirically examines the influencing factors and gender differences of multidimensional relative poverty of rural individuals.Finally,the conclusion is drawn and policy suggestions are put forward to alleviate multidimensional relative poverty of rural individuals.The main research contents and conclusions of this paper are summarized as follows:First,based on the index system of generating logic and construction principle as the foundation,designed the gender differences in perspective of China’s rural individual multidimensional relatively poor index system,using A-F method,respectively,from the perspective of life cycle and static measure and decompose the rural individual multidimensional perspective in sex differences at the relatively poor indicators of poverty,multi-dimensional relative poverty indices and contribution.(1)A multidimensional relative poverty index system is constructed for the elderly,adults and children in rural areas respectively.Compared with previous studies,the frequency index of feeling lonely,depressed or depressed is mainly selected in the multidimensional relative poverty index system of rural elderly,which makes the depiction of health dimension of rural elderly more comprehensive.In the multi-dimensional relative poverty index system of rural adults,a gender indicator is added,which fully describes the empowerment and social dimension of rural adults.In the multidimensional relative poverty index system of rural children,the index of parents’ active communication is mainly added,so that the life security dimension of rural children can better reflect the characteristics of child poverty.(2)In order to understand the multidimensional relative poverty level and main factors leading to poverty of rural individuals in China,the multidimensional poverty A-F method was adopted.CFPS data of 2014,2016 and 2018 were used to measure the multidimensional relative poverty index poverty incidence rate,poverty index and index contribution rate of rural elderly,adults and children of different genders.(3)In order to present the multidimensional relative poverty level,trend and main causes of poverty of rural individuals in a more complete way,the author also compared and analyzed the multidimensional relative poverty indicators of the elderly,adults and children in urban and rural areas,including poverty incidence rate,poverty index and index contribution rate.Secondly,analysis models of influencing factors of multidimensional relative poverty of rural elderly,adults and children from the perspective of gender difference were constructed,and the core factors leading to gender differences in multidimensional relative poverty of rural elderly,adults and children were tested by Tobit model.Third,the study found that :(1)the overall multidimensional relative poverty index of the elderly in rural areas showed that the poverty incidence rate from high to low was education level,fuel,self-rated income,drinking water,frequency of feeling lonely,depressed or depressed,self-rated health,per capita net income,intelligence level and medical insurance.The multidimensional relative poverty index of male elderly in rural areas is lower than that of female.Education level,drinking water and fuel contribute more to the multidimensional relative poverty index of the rural elderly.However,the contribution rate of self-rated income index to multidimensional relative poverty of rural elderly men is higher than that of women.The incidence of multidimensional relative poverty and poverty index of the elderly in rural areas are higher than those in urban areas.Multi-dimensional relative poverty indicators(2)the rural adults overall poverty rate from high to low in turn as the degree of education,self-reported income,family decision-making power,in the past two weeks,physical discomfort,self-evaluation of per capita net income of family,social status,social gender phenomenon,self-reported health,intelligence,employment and unemployment and medical insurance;For male adults,the highest incidence of poverty was education level,and the lowest was employment and unemployment.The index poverty rate of female adults was highest with education level and lowest with health insurance.The multidimensional relative poverty index of male rural adults is lower than that of female.The contribution rates of overall rural adults,male and female education level,physical discomfort in the past two weeks and self-rated income indicators were higher.Rural female adult family decision-making power index contribution rate is higher than male;The multidimensional relative poverty index of rural adults is higher than that of urban adults.(3)The overall multidimensional relative poverty index of rural children is fuel,drinking water,nutrition,per capita net income,medical insurance,parents’ attention to education,whether they are hospitalized due to illness,parents’ active communication and whether the school-age children are enrolled in school.There was little difference in the index poverty incidence between boys and girls.The multidimensional relative poverty rate and poverty index of boys were higher than that of rural girls.From the index contribution rate,parents’ attention to education,nutrition,drinking water,fuel and per capita net income have a higher contribution rate to the overall multidimensional relative poverty index of rural children.The index of higher multidimensional relative poverty contribution rate for boys and girls in rural areas is consistent with that for children as a whole.The incidence of multidimensional relative poverty and poverty index of children in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas.Fourthly,there are different factors influencing the gender difference of multidimensional relative poverty in different groups.The importance of SMS as an information access channel,medical care expenditure,family size,land value and family size,and other variables have gender differences on the multidimensional relative poverty status of rural elderly.Variables such as age,years of education,marriage,confidence in the future,total land assets and total housing assets have gender differences on the multidimensional relative poverty status of rural adults.There are gender differences in the effects of the variables such as time of living with mother,family size and family book collection on multidimensional relative poverty status of rural children.Compared with existing studies,the possible innovations of this paper are as follows:(1)The index system constructed has made breakthroughs in three aspects: First,at present the index system of the multidimensional relative poverty is mainly aimed at the family level design,taking into account the individual characteristics such as age,gender,or livelihood decisions less research results,this paper,based on the individual characteristics of the elderly,adults and children to further deepen,were built for the elderly,adults and children,three sets of multidimensional index system of relatively poor,Make multidimensional relative poverty index system more abundant and perfect;Second,in terms of the design of specific indicators,gender inequality has not been considered in the existing multidimensional relative poverty studies.This paper adds gender inequality indicators to the empowerment and social dimensions of the multidimensional relative poverty index system of rural adults.Thirdly,in terms of index assignment,the existing income indicators mostly adopt the absolute value of income as the critical value.In this paper,the median of50% household per capita net income is selected,which not only overcomes the absoluteness of previous multidimensional poverty income indicators,but also reflects the relativity of income indicators.(2)Expanded the research horizon of multidimensional relative poverty:First,the existing gender Angle of view of poverty in the study,social gender theory mainly as absolute poverty and the theoretical basis of multidimensional poverty,relative poverty is less by using this theory,this paper is to identify and measure as a multidimensional relatively poor one of the main theoretical basis,not only enrich the theoretical basis of relative poverty,and extending the application of the theory of social gender scene;Second,according to gender,the identification object is further divided into male and female elderly,male and female adults,boys and girls,measure,compare and analyze the multidimensional relative poverty status difference of male and female in these three groups.Thirdly,in order to further discover the factors that have gender differences in the impact of multidimensional relative poverty,this paper selects the interaction term between gender and each influencing factor as the core explanatory variable.(3)will object to identify and measure precision of the multidimensional relative poverty into different categories of individuals: will all rural individuals as the research object,using the life cycle theory,further research object segmentation for the elderly,adults and children three categories,each category then gender for men and women,perfect the multidimensional relative poverty levels and classification of object of study. |
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