The System Of Entrance Examination And Selection In Turkey Higher Education Institutions

China has been committed to the reform and improvement of the Gaokao system.In 2010,the "National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline(2010-2020)" was promulgated,which opened the way for the scientific development of Gaokao.Turkey’s university entrance examination system is similar to the Gaokao system.It is a unified national university entrance examination system,and it is one of the few systems in the world that can be referred to as the“national university entrance examination".At present,domestic research on the examination and admission system of Turkish universities is still extremely scarce.A systematic and comprehensive study on the examination and admission system of Turkish universities can fill the research gap in this field in China and help expand the perspective of the study of the examination and admission system of universities in China.Enrich the theoretical system of examination reform in our country.This research is based on a one-and-a-half-year field survey in Turkey,focusing on the Turkish university entrance examination system,combing the history of the development and transformation of the Turkish university entrance examination system from a vertical perspective,and horizontally showing the practical characteristics of different types of Turkish university entrance examination systems;exploring the deep-seated relationship between Turkish university entrance examination and social development from a historical perspective,examining the fairness of the Turkish university entrance examination system and its social influencing factors from reality,and striving to provide a more comprehensive and systematic presentation of the Turkish university entrance examination system for our country.The reform of the university entrance examination system provides useful reference.The key contents of this research are as follows:Firstly,using document method and text analysis method,using time as a clue,to trace the historical roots of the Turkish university entrance examination system in a longitudinal direction,and explore the history of the Turkish university entrance examination system from the birth,decentralized enrollment,joint enrollment to national unity from the Ottoman Empire to the present.Focus on the study of the reform process of the Turkish university entrance examination and admission system after the implementation of the unified national examination and admission system.In-depth exploration of the motivation,content,form,and characteristics of the 5 reforms.Systematically show the historical evolution process of the Turkish university entrance examination and admission system and explore its reform laws and system characteristics.Secondly,in the development of the national examination and admissions system for universities in Turkey,focus on improving the construction of national examination admissions institutions and related laws and regulations to provide institutions and legal guarantees for the admissions system for university examinations.This research analyzes the evolution of the professionalization of the national examination and admissions institutions in Turkey,and summarizes the process,key points and characteristics of its professional development.At the same time,it sorts out the relevant laws and regulations of the Turkish university examination and admission system and its scope of application.Reveal the characteristics of the legal construction of the examination and enrollment system in universities.It is expected to provide experience and reference for the legalization of Gaokao’s examination institutions and the university entrance examination system.Thirdly,using the case study method,select two of Turkey’s top public universities,top private foundation universities and general public universities.By studying how different universities combine unified enrollment with independent enrollment in the implementation of the university entrance examination system.Reveal the commonalities and characteristics,advantages and disadvantages of different types of university entrance examinations.In-depth understanding of the implementation status of the Turkish university entrance examination system from a meso-level perspective.Fourth,using qualitative research methods,based on the in-depth interview data of 50 stakeholders including Turkish university entrance examination and admissions agency managers,university admissions department managers,high school teachers,candidates and candidates’ parents,discuss the fairness of the Turkish university entrance examination system and its social influencing factors."Fairness" is the basic bottom line and first principle that Turkey’s university entrance examination system has always adhered to since its establishment.This research first analyzes the procedural fairness of the Turkish university entrance examination system from the perspective of institutional fairness and discusses the system characteristics of the Turkish university entrance examination system of "fairness first and efficiency".Secondly,from the level of substantive fairness,it conducts research and analysis on the main social factors that affect the fairness of the university entrance examination system,including gender factors,secondary education factors,and regional fairness factors.By demonstrating the fair connotation and social influencing factors of the Turkish university entrance examination system and its social influencing factors,it explores the relationship and interaction between the fairness of the Turkish university entrance examination system and social justice.Finally,through a comprehensive and systematic study of the Turkish university entrance examination and admission system,it is found that the Turkish university entrance examination and admission system has formed its own characteristics,such as:paying attention to the legal construction of the examination and admission system,the unification of examination forms,the integration of examination content,and inclusive of enrollment targets,focus on process evaluation,etc.It is also facing many controversies and dilemmas in its development,including:the dispute over the retention and abolishment of the unified examination and enrollment system in universities,the crisis of trust in the national examination and admission agencies,and the controversy over the prevalence of merits and demerits in private tuition classes triggered by the unified examination and enrollment system in universities.And the long-standing dispute over regional fairness.Some of these dilemmas and disputes are still unresolvable,and some have pointed out the reform direction for the university entrance examination system.In the future development of the Turkish university entrance examination and admission system,it is still necessary to further rationalize the proportion of liberal arts and sciences,strengthen the role of the connection between high school and university and further enhance the humanization of examination services.Generally speaking,the entrance examination and admission system of Turkish universities is an important social and educational system in Turkey.On the one hand,it is affected by the development of Turkish society,and on the other hand,it has a negative effect on Turkish society.By selecting talents for universities,it continuously promotes the development of Turkish society.After half a century of reform and development,it has formed beneficial experience,such as:establishing a multi-level talent selection system based on a unified examination to distinguish talents of different specifications;comprehensively establish a multi-evaluation system for the university entrance examination and enrollment system,and gradually overcome the problem of "only scores";match the professional needs of universities with selected subjects to select counterpart talents;select cross-disciplinary compound talents with comprehensive selection of subjects combined with weighted points;pay attention to providing compensation policies for the disabled and other disadvantaged groups to maintain the starting point of higher education fairness etc.These experiences can be used for the further reform and development of the Gaokao system.The Turkish university entrance examination and admission system is the most important national examination and admission system in Turkey.It is the examination admission system widely recognized by the majority of stakeholders and is the most suitable examination admission system for Turkey’s national conditions.The Turkish university entrance examination and admission system has institutional advantages,its own characteristics,and is constantly reformed.It has been established and developed for half a century.It is a very vital and innovative university entrance examination and admission system that has been proven by history and practice.