Research On Longzhong Dialect Gramma

Based on the field investigation of fifteen dialect points in Longzhong area of Gansu Province,this paper chooses some important grammatical topics to describe,reveals the grammatical features of Longzhong dialect,and probes into the source and evolution of relevant grammatical phenomena.This article consists of nine chapters,in order:Introduction;Word-building and formbuilding;Pronouns;Prepositions and conjunctions;Tense markers and aspect markers;Mood and modal particle;Topic markers;The‘zhe’着in imperative sentence;Several sentence patterns.Introduction section.First,the geographical overview and historical evolution of Longzhong region are introduced,then the research status of Longzhong dialect grammar and the research method of this paper are introduced,and then several phonetic characteristics and their internal differences of the dialects in this region are summarized,and finally the explanation of common words,the style of this article,and the information of pronunciation collaborators are introduced.The second chapter is about word-building and formbuilding.There are three main parts in this chapter:word-building,formbuilding,and a case study.The word-building part highlights internal differences.First,there are internal differences of the lexical tone of suffix‘-er’儿,suffix‘-zi’子and reduplication（重叠）words.Secondly,compared with the peripheral area,in the core area the suffix‘-er’儿is more dominant.The main diminutive representation of Longzhong dialects is reduplication.The formbuilding part proposes two formbuilding methods:reduplication（V哩V哩）and coupling（联结）（V₁哩V₂哩,A₁哩A₂哩）.‘V哩V哩’A-type means durative,B-type means will or confirm.‘V₁哩V₂哩’means repeatedly,‘A₁哩A₂哩’means conditions,range and so on.And finally a case study,this section discusses the historical evolution of suffix‘-er’儿of the Qinzhou dialect through synchronic comparison,and believes that the monosyllabic tone change of some words is induced by suffix‘-er’儿.Chapter 3 refers to pronouns.There are three sections of personal pronoun,demonstrative pronoun and interrogative pronoun,each of which mainly contains three parts,one is the pronoun table,the other is the pronunciation,structure,function and differences within the region,and the third is the historical source of some pronouns or relevant constructed components.It is believed that:1)The plural affix‘wu’物is derived from the notional word‘wu’物,and the inflection type of plural human pronoun is the result of the combination of the singular form and the‘wu’物.2)The trisection system of the indicative pronoun are formed by the‘zhe-na’这-那dichotomy system on which the alien‘wu’兀superimposed.3)There is a systematic change from the interrogative pronoun universal-reference type to ordinary type in some Longzhong dialects.4)It is believed that the universal-reference affix‘shi’是is derived from the interrogative pronoun‘shi’是.The fourth chapter is prepositions and conjunctions.The first is the general table which presents the system of prepositions and conjunctions.Then describe the functions and internal differences of the five sets of prepositions（conjunctions）such as‘zhe’着,‘zai’在,‘cong’从,‘lian’连,‘gei’给,and‘tou’投.‘Zhe’着is mainly used as a post-verb preposition.There is an overlap in usage between‘zai’在and‘cong’从in some dialects.‘Lian’连is a multifunction conjunction-preposition.‘Gei’给is mainly used to introduce dative,and in the dialect of the core region of Longzhong,it can also introduce goal-direction.‘Tou’投,‘toudao’投到,‘toujia’投架and so on are used in time adverbial clauses,indicating the meaning of“deadline”,and also being used in sentences expressing“reason of things”.Chapter 5 is about tense and aspect of the dielect.First of all,the system of tense and aspect in Longzhong dialect is introduced.Then focus on the grammatical functions and grammatical meanings of the markers such as‘le’了,‘xia’下,‘zhe-li’着哩,‘qia’恰,etc.The tense-aspect system of Longzhong dialect can be summed up as a three-level system of“phasal aspect-viewpoint aspect–tense”.Phasal aspect particles include‘xia’下,‘kai’开and‘shang’上.Particle‘xia’下means result,‘kai’开means beginning,and‘shang’上also means completed.Viewpoint aspect particles include‘le’了₁,‘xia’下,‘le’了₂,‘zhe’着,‘zheli’着哩,‘lai’来,and‘xia-de’下…的.Particle‘le’了₁ means realization,which corresponding to perfective;‘le’了₂ indicates new situation,corresponding to perfect;Particle‘xia’下and‘zhe-li’着哩means continuous,and also means habitual;‘lai’来and‘xia-de’下…的means experience.Tense particles include‘qia’恰and‘zhe-li’着哩.Particle‘qia’恰indicates future tense,‘zhe-li’着哩indicates future tense,but also indicates past tense.Chapter 6 is about mood and modal particle.First,it describes the usage of modal particles that express subjunctive mood which include wish（愿望）,assumption（假设）,hesitation（犹豫）,and concessive（纵予）.Subjunctive mood of wish（愿望）expressed by‘shi’时;assumption（假设）by‘shi’时,‘qu’去,‘le’了,‘li’‘li-li’哩/哩哩,and‘gei…geigei’给…给给;hesitation（犹豫）by‘qu’去;and concessive（纵予）by‘shi’时and‘zhe’着.It then describes the usage of‘li’哩in different sentence types and believes that‘li’哩is a particle of indicative mood and its grammatical meaning is to confirm.It describes several kinds of interrogative sentence,such as topic-only questions,yes-no questions,selective questions,and Wh-questions,and describes the usage of related mood words.There are three situations in the topic-only question in the dialect:1)“NP+‘li’哩”ask the location/destination;2)“NP+‘li’哩”ask the status;3)“VP+‘li’哩”ask about the status.There are two different kind of yes-no questions in dialects,one is the polar questions（正反是非问）,and the other is proposition questions（命题问）.Finally,there is a special study of the mood particle“shi/sha/xie”时/唦/些.Discussing the function and origin of the mood particles“shi/sha”时/唦in Chinese dialects,it is believed that those mood particles are derived from notional word‘shi’时.Chapter 7 is about topic marker.There are two kinds of topics in Longzhong dialect:one is repetition topic,the other is that marked by topic marking morphemes.Topic marking morphemes include‘zhe’着,‘shi’时‘qu’去,‘de’的,‘le’了,‘li’‘li-li’哩/哩哩,etc.Among them,‘zhe’着,‘shi’时and‘qu’去,are mainly used in predicate topics,and also used in adjectival topics in some dialects.‘De’的is mainly used in verbal topics,but also used in adjective topics in some dialects,not in nominal topics.Secondly,on the basis of describing the functions,the origin of these topic markers is preliminarily discussed.The repetition topic comes from the double advance of the object of the sentence.The source of topic markers morphemes are different:‘Zhe’着may de derived from another‘zhe’着which means“the time of…”;‘Shi’时comes from the notional word‘shi’时;‘qu’去comes from the directional verb‘qu’去;‘de’的is in essence a self-reference marker.Chapter 8 deals with the particle‘zhe’着in the imperative sentence.First of all,it describes the usage of the‘zhe’着in Qingshui dialect as an example,discusses the nature of the‘zhe’着and its formation mechanism.It believes that the‘zhe’着₂ of Qingshui dialect have a function of discourse anaphora.Then,the scope was expanded to investigate the distribution pattern of the‘zhe’着and‘shi’时construction of Longzhong dialect.Then,it examined the study of‘zhe’着in the field of Chinese dialectology,and divided the‘zhe’着₂ into‘zhe’着_2a and‘zhe’着_2b.Finally,judging from the usage in modern Chinese,the‘zhe’着_2a in Chinese dialects comes from‘qie...zhe’且…着,and the‘zhe’着_2b derived from‘deng...zhe’等…着.Chapter 9 discusses several sentence patterns,in order:causative construction and passive construction,Ba-construction,combined construction and Gei-construction.There is a close relationship between causative and passive forms in Longzhong dialect,and causative verbs and passive prepositions are always homomorphic.Dingxi and Qinzhou dialects use‘jiao’教,while other dialects use‘zhe’着.The object of causative verb can be omitted in the causative form,but the object of preposition cannot be omitted in the passive form.The‘ba’把construction can be divided into typical sentences and atypical sentences.It is found that the topic sentence is closest to the topic sentence by investigating the typical type of predicate and the ability of different‘ba’把construction to transform into topic sentence,subject sentence and verb sentence.The non-typical sentences include the non-referential sentence,the non-subject sentence,the predicateless sentence and the topic-only question sentence.The causative and passive forms can be combined with the‘ba’把construction respectively to form two combined sentence patterns of“causative+‘ba’把”and“passive+‘ba’把”.Finally,the‘gei’给construction.The particle‘gei’给can be divided into‘gei’给_L and‘gei’给_R according to the different syntactic positions.The former emphasizes the exerting of the the action,while the latter indicates the end of the action.The concluding section summarizes the content and main points of this paper.