Research On Generation,Performerce And Growth Factors Of Family Farms

China's rural reform,which began in 1978,established the basic system of family management,and peasant households became the basic unit in the rural economy.In the historical process of China's transformation from a backward developing country to a developed modern country,the narrow operation of peasant households must be a historical category.Since the 1980 s,China's peasant households began to enter an era of differentiation.The gradual withdrawal of smallholders and the rise of family farms must be an unavoidable historical process.Based on the combing of relevant literature and basic theories,this paper constructs a logical analysis framework of "generation-performance evaluation-growth factors" for family farms,taking Jilin Province,the most typical grain producing area in China as the research area,and taking 216 family farms in different areas of the province as the research samples,through the contents of eight chapters,this paper analyzes the basic process of the rise and development of family farms,the status quo of family farms and the conditions for their generation,the performance of family farms and the main factors affecting the performance in Jilin Province,and the constraints of land,capital and individual quality faced in the process of family farm growth.The generation and development of family farm is the result of China's urban and rural economic reform and development.The reform of the agricultural management system has prepared the institutional basis for the emergence of family farms;the development of the secondary and tertiary industries is the industrial background for the emergence of family farms;the affirmation and support of the state is the policy background for the rapid development of family farms.Due to the differences of regional economy,different types of family farms with different characteristics have been formed in China.Different types of family farms adapt to the conditions of generation and development.As a big agricultural province,Jilin Province's internal resource endowment and socio-economic conditions make agriculture show strong regional characteristics,which also makes family farms show strong regional differences.The relatively abundant cultivated land resources and the background of large grain province have formed the industrial distribution with the advantages and characteristics of grain family farms.However,good resource endowment will have a dual effect on the development of farmers' economy.Its positive effect is that it can meet the farmers' demand for food and clothing,and create favorable initial conditions for the formation of family farms.However,the abundance of resources will also make farmers rely on resources and be satisfied for a while,which weakens the desire and power of development,and is not conducive to farmers to speed up the transfer of surplus labor and create conditions for the growth of family farms.There is plenty of room for improvement in the performance of family farms,and the regional differences are significant.Performance is one of the important indicators to evaluate the development quality of family farms.This paper selects land,capital and labor as input indicators,and sales income as output indicators to build an evaluation index system of family farms performance.DEA model is used to measure the efficiency of family farms,and Tobit model is used to investigate its impact on the efficiency of family farms from three dimensions: the characteristics of family farmers,the production and management characteristics of family farms,and the characteristics of external policy environment,and analyze the key factors affecting the efficiency of family farms.The results show that the efficiency of all family farms is not high implying further improvement of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency.Among the factors that affect the efficiency of family farms,the impact of the education level of family farmers,whether the family farmers have received agricultural technical training,and the value of agricultural machinery on the family farms' efficiency is significantly positive.The impact of land size,the cost of land transfer,the difficulty of loans and the amount of government subsidies on the family farms' efficiency is significantly negative.Different regions have different resource endowments and economic development levels.The values and influence factors of family farms' efficiency are significant difference.The efficiency of family farms in the central region is the highest,followed by that of family farms in the east,and that of family farms in the west is the lowest.Moreover,the pure technical efficiency of family farms in the east is lower than scale efficiency,and the scale efficiency of family farms in the west is lower than pure technical efficiency.As a large-scale business entity,the growth of family farms is first faced with the constraints of land supply.Land supply is determined not only by resource endowment,but also by the degree of absorption of rural surplus labor by industrialization.For Jilin province,it faces the restriction of both at the same time.Therefore,the scale management scale aimed at pursuing efficiency is not desirable,but the income scale is a feasible choice to measure the appropriate scale of family farms.Too high a starting point of family farm scale is not conducive to improving social welfare in land allocation.In the case that the transferable land resources are very limited,the large scale of some farms will inevitably reduce the number of family farms at the cost of the limited land resources can only be allocated to a few family farms,which will inevitably reduce the social welfare of farmers.At the present stage,in a region with relatively abundant resources like Jilin Province,the appropriate scale of dry farmland is 10 hectares,which can not only make the family farm get satisfactory income,but also meet the reasonable use of modern production factors,and prevent the excessive concentration of scarce land resources.At the present stage,the expansion of the scale of family farms mainly depends on the transfer of land.Due to the high scarcity of land resources in China,coupled with the high price of food and other major agricultural products,the land rent remains high in most years.In the long run,mainland rents will be the main limiting factor in the improvement of family farm income.According to the cost-benefit analysis of the sample family farms,the current rent has accounted for more than 50% of the total cost of family farms,among which the rent of family farms in the mid-area has accounted for 55.7% of the total cost,resulting in an excessively high proportion of the total cost of land rent.This means that land rent will eat up profits and greatly reduce the market competitiveness of family farms,which can not be underestimated in the future development of family farms.The lag of agricultural financial innovation is the weakness of family farm growth.The expansion of the scale is inevitable with the demand of fund growth.Compared with the multiculturalism demand for family farms,the development of rural financial markets is obviously lagging behind.Specifically,the following two aspects: First,the rural financial institution has insufficient support.At present,financial institutions with credit funds in rural credit markets have financial institutions in China Agricultural Development Bank,China Agricultural Bank,Postal Savings Bank,Rural Credit Cooperatives and Village Banks.However,some financial institutions are provided by the credit service from the outlets and credit management models,and it is difficult to provide funding for the family farm.Therefore,a large rural financial system of rural credit cooperatives is formed.And the rural credit cooperatives are small,and there is a certain proportion of "relational loans".The financial needs of the family farm are not satisfactory.Second,rural financial institutions lack credit products and service innovations on household farms.All kinds of banks in Jilin Province have a wide range of credit products of "three rural",but the innovation of credit products for family farms is very small,and the most important thing is still warranty loans,mortgage guarantee loans.The current three or five household joint guarantee loan,grain direct subsidy mortgage loan and land income guarantee loan have a maximum loan amount of 50000 yuan,which can not meet the requirements of reproduction,and have more stringent repayment conditions.Forced by helplessness,farmers have to seek loans from relatives and friends or private borrowings,so that private borrowings become the main financing channels of the family farm,and higher private borrowings have further increased the financing cost of the family farm.The fragile weakness of the rural financing environment has become an important issue that needs to be solved in the growth of family farms.The quality of farmers is the key factor influencing the development of family farms.Family farmers are both producers and managers,whose qualities consist of a wealth of contents,including at least four elements: cultural quality,scientific and technological quality,operating quality and production experience.On cultural quality,farmers' quality is significantly higher than that of general farmers,but it is still significantly lower than that of farmers in Zhejiang,Tianjin,Jiangsu and other places.With a lower level of education in general,regional differences among farmers in Jilin Province are prominent: well-educated lived in the central parts while the less educated are in the east and the west.Farmers' scientific and technological qualities are mainly surveyed from two aspects: agricultural technical training and the adoption of new agricultural technology.The main modes for promoting agricultural technology are non-profit popularization of technology and training of selling agricultural means of production.The formalism presented widely in non-profit popularization while enterprise promotions are more inclined to be profitoriented and less systematic,so the training effect is not satisfactory.In terms of the adoption of new agricultural technologies,although the farmers have some enthusiasm,the adoption of some key technologies is still significantly behind the national average level.On management quality,farmers' quality is also relatively low compared with that in developed areas,which is mainly caused by grain-oriented family farms.Grain production is exclusively sold by the state,and farmers do not have to develop markets by themselves.Most farmers have general production experience,but as large-scale production experience,they still face a serious of problems caused by inexperience.From the perspective of case analysis,family farms can be divided into four types: Knowledge-based,Technology-based,Experienced and Experiential-based.Each of the above-mentioned types has its advantages.But in the future,knowledge-based and technologybased are the directions of development.The conclusions were summarized that the generation and development of family farms are mainly based on the institutional background,industrial background and policy background;Based on the difference of natural and social economic conditions,the development of family farms in Jilin Province shows obvious regional differences;The tenancy type family farm makes the land rent become the main limiting factor that the family farm income increases;Under the high constraint of land resources,it is feasible to determine the appropriate size of family farm based on income;"Capital Hungry” is a common problem faced by family farmers,and the fragile rural financial market has become the bottleneck that restricts the development of family farms.