A Study On Herdsmen's Behavior To Deal With Human-wildlife Conflicts In Qiangtang Nature Reserve

Rising ecological protection efforts have helped to restore and increase the number and scale of wild animal population to a certain extent.At the same time,with the development of social economy,the living space for human beings has expanded accordingly,and inevitably overlaps with that of wild animals.In this case,the human-wildlife conflict will be a developmental corollary and there is a trend that this conflict will be intensified and grow in numbers.Most of the researches on human-wildlife becomes inevitable and has an increasing trend.Most of the researches on human-wildlife conflicts focus on the current situation,contributing factors and mitigation measures of human-wildlife conflicts.Unfortunately,there are only limited researches on the key Party of the human-wildlife conflict-community residents,and and those researches did not go far enough or form their own systems.However,the behavior response of community residents is very important to resolve the conflicts between human and wildlife,to coordinate the protection and development.It will be of great theoretical and practical significance to study a series of behaviors of community residents in response to human and wildlife conflicts.In this study,Qiangtang nature reserve,which has a serious human-wildlife conflict,was selected as the research area.From 2016 to 2018,534 herdsmen in the surrounding communities of Qiangtang Nature Reserve were investigated.According to the behavior logic of herdsmen confronting human-wildlife conflicts,this study systematically and deeply analyzes a series of behaviors of herdsmen.and the main research contents are as follows:(1)The behavior of herdsmen towards wild animals:protection and hunting;(2)analysis of herdsmen's behavior of maintaining their own safety and life;(3)analysis of herdsmen's livestock management behavior;(4)analysis of herdsmen's loss compensation and income risk transfer behavior.This study adopts different data analysis methods to analyze the above research contents from a variety of research contents and data characteristics.The main research methods and conclusions are as follows:(1)The behavior of herdsmen towards wild animals was analyzed by Pearson chi-square test,structural equation model and binary logistic model.The results show that herdsmen are generally enthusiastic about wild animal protection,but comparatively hesitant to brown bears protection.Herdsmen's behavior is related to their attitudes towards different conflicts.The cognition of protection law,willingness to protect wild animals,family resources and wealth,education,protection contact,policy propaganda and age have positive effects on Herdsmen's protection behavior.To the contrary,the conflict situation has a significantly negative impacts on Herdsmen's protection behavior.Herdsmen are more easily aroused to hunt in the event of injury or death caused by wild animals.Family income and cognition of wildlife protection law have positive effects on Herdsmen's hunting tendency.However,with the deepening of the cognition of wildlife protection law,the positive impacts on the hunting tendency of herdsmen is decreasing.To some extent,religious belief restrains the hunting tendency of herdsmen.The result of conflict treatment will also affect the hunting tendency of herdsmen.The law precludes herdsmen's tendency into actions.(2)Pearson chi-square test,Heckman probit two-stage model and binary probit model were used to analyze herdsmen's behaviors of maintaining personal safety and life.Herdsmen are relatively less willing to maintain their own safety and life.The conflict situation has a significant impact on the willingness and behavior of herdsmen to build bear proof fences and the behavior of strengthening houses.However,the conflict situation has no significant impact on the willingness to move.Getting compensation has a significant positive impact on the construction of bear proof fence and the behavior of house reinforcement.Herdsmen's willingness to move depends on their family assets and survival ability after moving.(3)Using correlation test,mixed-effect model,structural equation model and double-hurdle model,the series behaviors of herdsmen's livestock management were analyzed.The conflict situation is significantly related to the scale of livestock breeding,grazing management and the quality of cattle and sheep pens.The actual decision-making behavior and willingness of herdsmen are quite different.Most herdsmen have the current situation biases.The conflict situation and the willingness to strengthen grazing management have a considerably positive impact on Herdsmen's behavior of strengthening grazing management.Satisfaction with compensation significantly negatively affects herdsmen's behaviors.There are some moral risks in herdsmen.The number of conflicts,number of livestock,means of transportation,distance from towns,being in the experimental area and outside the area,and protection contacts have positive effects on Herdsmen's willingness to strengthen cattle and sheep pens.According to the calculation,the expected subsidy standard for the construction of cattle and sheep pens for herdsmen is 477.74 yuan/m~2.The proportion of herdsmen's actual behavior of strengthening cattle and sheep pens is higher.(4)Structural equation model,large sample OLS,quantile regression model and mixed-effect model were used to analyze the loss compensation and income risk transfer behavior of herdsmen.The loss caused by human-wildlife conflict has different impacts on herdsmen,some of which are slight,some of which will lead to poverty or difficulties.Although herdsmen don't know much about compensation policy,there are still about 98%of herdsmen willing to accept compensation.The more family resources and wealth,the lower willingness of herdsmen to accept compensation.The conflict situation and policy propaganda have a positive impact on Herdsmen's willingness to accept compensation.The cognition of compensation impacts positively on Herdsmen's behavior of accepting compensation.There is a big difference between the expected standard of 770 yuan per sheep and the compensation standard of 250 yuan per sheep.The calculation results of the proportion of housing loss willingness to be compensated are basically consistent with the compensation standard.Financial capital and social capital have a negative impact on the proportion of herdsmen's willingness to be compensated for livestock losses.Assets,income and social capital have a negative impact on Herdsmen's willingness to be compensated for housing losses.At present,the income source of herdsmen is still very limited.The number of conflicts,the number of family labor force,the highest education level of the family,the distance to the township,and the protection contact all positively affect the income diversification behavior of herdsmen.The willingness of herdsmen to go out to work is low,and the actual proportion of going out to work is lower.The number of conflicts,the number of livestock,the proportion of subsidy income,and the distance from towns have negative effects on the willingness and behavior of herdsmen to go out to work.The level of education is the key factor for herdsmen to go out to work.Village environment is also an influencing factor of the herdsmen's willingness and behaviors to go out to work.In view of the above findings,the following policy recommendations are suggested as follows:Paying full attention to herdsmen's personal safety and basic life without being threatened by wild animals;Constructing the policy system of herdsmen's participation in protection;Construction of cooperative protection mechanism under the framework of multi-agent multi-subject participation;Building a government-led comprehensive compensation mechanism with high efficiency and universal benefits;Strengthening the supply of public services in the reserve,improving the livelihood ability of herdsmen and realizing income diversification;Strengthening the capacity building of grass-roots staff;Paying attention to the influence of wildlife protection law and religious belief;Establishing information sources and joint prevention and control mechanism in counties,townships and villages.