| Cross-border ethnic groups are the products associated with national countries.After entering the era of national countries,the vague edges are replaced by the clear national boundaries of sovereign countries.Therefore,ethnic groups with the same origin are divided into citizens of different countries.In this context,it is inevitable for a nation-state to establish psychological boundaries consistent with geographical boundaries and shape the recognition of cross-border ethnic groups to the country.Theoretically speaking,all identities are constructed.China and Myanmar respectively constructed the cross-border De 'ang nationality from the political,economic,cultural and education as the main contents.Therefore,under the combined effect of politics,economy,culture and education,Deang people in China and Myanmar were respectively incorporated into the overall framework of the nation state,making the construction of national identity possible at the practical level.In this context,how to establish relations with the dynastic countries through historical narration to highlight the national consciousness and reshape the national identity so as to show their political loyalty is a problem that a cross-border ethnic group must face.This paper mainly compares the historical narration of the cross-border De 'ang nationality between China and Myanmar,from the basic idea of the top-down construction of national state and the bottom-up response of the De 'ang nationality to the country,and tries to discuss the interactive relationship between the construction of modern national state and the historical narration of the De 'ang nationality in China and Myanmar.Besides the introduction and conclusion,the main content of this paper is divided into four parts.Chapter one states the development and evolution of De'ang nationality and how they become a cross-border nationality.De'ang as a proprietary name was first appeared in the Qing dynasty,before this,the history of De'ang of mix with that of the ancestors of the Bulang and Wa People.The area where the De'ang nationality lives with other ethnic groups,which inevitably leads to the mutual influence and convergence of national culture,which leads to the historical evolution of De'ang nationality with diversity,integration and complexity.Moreover,lack of records results that we would explore the ethnic origin of De'ang from a few historical materials,legends and ancient songs.On the other hand,the fuzziness of the De'ang nationality in the traditional history books provides the basis for the traditional invention and the historical narration of De'g nationality.The politics and culture of Chinese ancient dynasty had exerted profound influence on De'ang nationality.After the demarcation of the border between China and Myanmar was completed in 1960,physical borders divided a nation into citizens of different countries.Therefore,it is the premise and historical foundation for De'ang in China to construction of national identity of the De'ang nationality that the dynastic state has carried on the continuous and gradual infiltration to the distribution area of the De'ang nationality's ancestors.It is much more difficult for Palaung in Myanmar to integrate the national history into the framework of Myanmar history and construct the identity concept of Myanmar country.The chapter two mainly discusses the historical narration and national identity of Chinese De'ang nationality.In the period of dynastic state,the central dynasty has exerted a profound influence on the establishment of the dynastic state consciousness of the ancestors of the De'ang nationality through continuous historical writing and direct or indirect governance.With the founding of the People's Republic of China and the government implemented national identification,national surveys and more detailed national history writing of the country,which influenced national identity of De'ang and the collective memory of De'ang,also contributed to De'ang to construct historical narration from bottom to top,form a response to the history of the nation state.This is reflected in De'ang in specific historical narrative text,such as the story of the God of Sun and Goddess of Dragon,the origin of calabash and Han brotherhood relations in the legend and so on,which constitutes the historical memory of De'ang and establishes the basic feelings of all ethnic groups in China and foundations of national identity of De'ang.Through establishing the connection between De'ang nationality and the historical Golden Teeth State,the history of De'ang nationality and other nationalities in the history to jointly develop the southwest frontier area is constructed,thus the history of De'ang nationality is incorporated into the overall framework of Chinese history,and the historical foundation of the national identity of De'ang nationality is formed.While the De'ang Watering Flowers Festival is a new construction of historical memory,it is to strengthen the ethnic identity and economic considerations.However,through the narration and writing of this differentiated historical memory,it also highlights that the trans-border De'ang starts to emphasize the psychological boundary under the intervention of state power,as well as the active response to the state narration.Through the comprehensive investigation of historical narration,we can see that the historical narration of Chinese De'ang nationality is to enrich the relations with the dynastic state and construct the national identity by excavating the history of the existing ancestors of De'ang nationality covered by the main history.The chapter three mainly discusses the historical narration of Palaung in Myanmar in the process of nation state construction.Since its independence,Myanmar has been promoting the construction of a multi-ethnic country and achieved some results after decades of operation.Based on historical and practical needs,as an embodiment of absolute sovereignty,the ruling power of Myanmar state is bound to establish a top-down historical writing,showing the existence of state power.On the other hand,in order to show their "political loyalty",the De'ng nationality in Myanmar also needs to construct the historical expression corresponding to the modern unification relationship from bottom to top to establish the identity of the modern national state.The historical narration of the De'ang nationality in Burma is mainly carried out from three aspects.Firstly,by constructing the historical connection with Myanmar,we can find a sense of belonging in the history of Myanmar and reshape the national consciousness of Myanmar.Secondly,in the writing creation,it is based on the Burmese Thai alphabet to establish the cultural connection with the country of Myanmar.Finally,it cuts with Chinese history and builds up a common historical link with Myanmar.However,due to the lack of effective governance over the De'ang in the dynastic state period of Myanmar,the historical connection between the deang ethnic group and the host country Myanmar is weaker than that of China.In addition,the tendency of greater Burmese nationalism in the national history writing of Myanmar leads to the dual orientation of the De'ang's historical narrative in Myanmar.On the one hand,influenced by Myanmar's top-down state history writing,it shows a bottom-up response to national history of Myanmar in the content of its specific historical narration,and takes the initiative to include the history of De'ang nationality into the overall framework of Myanmar's national history.On the other hand,due to the incomplete ethnic integration in Myanmar,Myanmar fails to completely separate the historical ties with China in the historical narration,showing the historical narrative discourse inconsistent with the national construction and national integration strategy of Myanmar.The chapter four makes a comparative analysis of the historical narration and national identity of the Chinese and Burmese De'ang people.In terms of commonality,both of them,out of the motivation of strengthening national identity,highlight their respective roles in the process of national history through retrospective historical narration,and construct the transformation of De'ang nationality in China and Myanmar from the marginal to the central position in their national history.The differences in the historical accounts of the Montenegrin ethnic group are also obvious.The historical process of the construction of the national historical identity of De'ang nationality in China is based on the historical process of the gradually deepening management of the dynastic state to the distribution area of the deang nationality's ancestors in the southwest frontier area,and on this basis the "continuous and continuous writing of the model history" of the dynastic state from top to bottom.Therefore,the historical narration of the De'ang nationality in China is to enrich and enrich the relations with the dynastic country by excavating the history of the existing ancestors of the De'ang nationality covered by the main history,presenting the combination of the objectivity of the historical narration and the directivity of reality.However,the De'ang in Myanmar is different from the De'ang in China.The realistic directivity of Myanmar De'ang nationality's historical narration comprehensively overrides the objectivity of history,and the "present center view" has a strong influence on its historical narration.In addition,there is a tendency of greater Burmese nationalism in the state history of Myanmar,which leads to the historical narration of the De'ang in Myanmar to reflect "a reconstruction of the past based on the present".Cross-border nationality is the result of the gradual clarification and legalization of the boundary between two or more countries,and also the product of the construction of modern nation-state.The cross-border De 'ang share a common historical memory,but their historical narrative and cultural construction aim to different identity construction.The identity constructed through historical and cultural identity serves the national identity of the country they belong to. |
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