| The Eastern Zhejiang Scholars, active from the first year of Yuantong (1333) of Shundi Emperor in Yuan Dynasty to forth year of Jianwen (1402) of Huidi Emperor in Ming Dynasty, were probably having double status both as a writer and a philosopher, and connected by means of same hometown and same teacher. They were in higher position in the literary world at that time. On philosophy field, they inherited Zhu Xi's philosophical principles and influenced by Wu scholasticism, Yongjia scholasticism and Heart scholasticism at the same time. So they not only respected the morals and philosophical knowledge, but also had great ambition of success in court. In literary field, they hold the flag of "recovered classical works" to improve the faults of Yuanji's poetry and articles, and led the literary development of Ming Dynasty.The double status of being an intellectuals and philosopher influenced their composition of poems and articles. Being philosophers, they requested to recover the tradition of poems as an education method, but their viewpoint was wider, and learned from intellectual of Han Dynasty, Wei Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, such as Song Lian and Fang Xiaoru learned from Su Shi's poems. As for the essays, they requested to learn from Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty (including Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ou Yangxiu's classical works).The first generation of intellectuals such as Song Lian and Liu Ji, their attitude of article changed from "based on six classical works" to "integrated rhetoric and thought". At the same time, they hold in esteem that cultivating was an important role of literary creation. In terms of literary composition, the biggest difference between Eastern Zhejiang Scholars and intellectuals of other four regions was that they preferred to use fable, question and answer language, and other satirical styles, such as Song Lian, Liu Ji, Wang Hui,etc. created a lot of rolling style essays. At the same time, the contradictions between focusing education and pursuing the rhetoric in their creation were very obvious. They emphasized the tradition of poetry education, relationships between culture and philosophy, but also unable to extricate themselves from time to time indulge in creation, such as Song Lian burned down brush several times, Fang Xiaoru couldn't stop shamed of the contradiction. In addition, Ming Dynasty instead Yuan Dynasty had a great impact on the Eastern Zhejiang scholars' poetry creation. The intellectuals selected to service new government were called as treason, as the philosophers, on the one hand they had to break the self-blame caused by the thought of "loyalty and do not serve two masters"; on the other they had to faced the strike and mockery from the ruling class represented by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Since the third year of Hongwu, the Eastern Zhejiang Scholars' position in the court was rather embarrassing, which brought a huge influence to their literary creation, and also this is the real reason why they revealed a strong desire for hermitage to town in their later poetry.The full text is divided for six chapters. The first chapter is a summarize about group of Eastern Zhejiang scholars, and mainly analyses how they gain the name, members of them, geographical and humanistic characteristics of East Zhejiang province, historical background of changing of Yuan to Ming Dynasty. The first section elaborates on a general picture of Eastern Zhejiang scholars. At first point out the mistake of Yanzhou belonging to east region of Zhejiang in the General Introduction of Zhejiang Province and Origin of Words. Secondly, verify 158 members in that group reference to their native place, main activity and literature thought, and rectificate part of scholars' mistake that look tens of Wuzhong scholars as group of Eastern Zhejiang Scholars only reference to native place, in addition to list of almost one hundred of scholars only know their native place is East Zhejiang, but can't look up their activity and literature thought, and divide East Zhejiang scholars into the earlier and later periods according to death of Song Lian. In the earlier periods, Song Lian is their leader, Liuji, come from Chuzhou, is their general; in the later periods, Fangxiaoru is their leader. At last, analyzing their communication styles of connecting by the same hometown, teacher and friendship.The second chapter analyzes the poetry and essay thought of Eastern Zhejiang Scholars. The first generation of scholars in Wuzhou leaded by Song Lian, their poetry thought was influenced greatly by Huang Jin, Liu Guan and Wu Lai, so their poetry thought is general same. However in the latter members, no matter the students of Song Lian or his second generation students (mainly the students of Fang Xiaoru), their poetry composition inherited Song Lian's principles of poetry and essay creation. But ChuZhou scholar liu Ji, his principles of poetry and essay is different. The first section is about literature thought of Wuzhou scholars leaded by Song Lian. It analyses Song's poetry principle from history, artistic and creation of poetry; and his thought of essay creation is changeable, he learned Si Maqian and Ban Gu in his earlier period, and then based on six classical works, he claim integrated rhetoric and thought after entering the court. The second section mainly analyses the poetry thought of Fang xiaoru who was influenced greatly by Song Lian. Same as his teacher, Fang agreed poems in Song dynasty and claimed the content of poems should be graceful; and then analyses his essay thought, Fang emphasis the usage of the articles, he agreed six classical works and essays in Song dynasty. The third segment talks about Liu ji's concept of poetry and prose, point out his poems emphasis ironical in the previous period, and agreed literature works of Song dynasty in the later period.The third chapter elaborate on poetry and prose creation by Wuzhou members leaded by Song Lian. The first segment analyses Song Lian's source of original concept and his Taoism and Confucianism thought. At first point out that his concept seems Taoism but in fact influenced by Confucianism, this is by no means of Taoism complex. and this thought reflected obviously in Story of Longmenzi. And thoroughly confirmed Song Lian's poetry achievement. Then analyses his ironical articles, historical articles, travelling prose, especially investigate allegory and chain style poems. It will analyses allegory and chain style poems from the shill and thought conception. The third segment discuss poetry and prose style and features created by Song Lian in the later periods, point out that praise holy court and sentimental is his mainly style in the later period. Recording achievements is the mainly characteristic of the prose; we can not easily divide to two periods of Song Lian's poetry and essays into countryside and court literature, and can not regard his praise court poetry as court style. The forth segment analyses some scholars literature creation which raise attention of intellectuals, such as Wang Yi, Su boheng, Hu Hang etc, hope to display the whole creative achievements of Eastern Zhejiang Scholars.The forth chapter will analyze creation of poetry and essay by Master Liu Ji who was pioneer in this field. The first segment of this chapter will focus on the Master Liuji's poetry and essay creation in early phase which will illustrate his poetries with political tendencies in that stage and also analyze mainly on his Yuefu Poetry and Wugu Poetry; and then to analyze his fable-styled essays, descriptive prose and Fu, with the above analysis it is obvious that the poem Yu Li Zi is a sequence of poems from structural point of view with first seventeenth chapters to be attached to each other with subheads which finally lead to the last chapter to show his motive, and comparing fables and Lian Zhu of Master Liuji with these of Master Song Lian. In the second session of this chapter, it is mainly analyzing the styles of literature creation of Master Liuji in his later period which mainly in the poetries creation. The third segment will analyze his Poetry.In the fifth chapter, this article will discuss about the later periods representative of this school Master Fang Xiaoru and other litterateurs and their masterpieces. In first segment, the article. will describe Master Fang Xiaorul's poetries which are mainly divided into the following two types:to express his worries and criticism through current events and to glorify and praise King Shu about his mercy and kindness; and then will analyze the artistic features of his poetries. In the second segment, Master Fang Xiaoru's articles will be classified to:allegorical ones, biography, argumentation, and Fu, and with his Fu being compared with these of Master Liuji. The third segment dicuss Wang Shen and Tang Zhichun's masterpieces, and general outline the creations, experiences, and artistic features of other representatives in this school in the later phase.In the Chapter Six, we will compare the scholars of East Zhejiang Province with these of Middle Jiangsu Province, Middle Fujian Province, Lingnan region, Jiangxi Province in order to analyze their impacts the literary circle in Ming Dynasty and position in literary history. The first segment will compare communications, ideas on the poetry and literary creations of scholars of Zhejiang Province with these of above said regions; The second segment will evaluate the differences and inheriting relationship between scholars of East Zhejiang Province and Seven Scholars in early phase in order to observe and study position and contribution of Scholars of East Zhengjiang Province in literary circle of Ming Dynasty. |
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