| Church medicine is the product of the spread of Christianity in modern China.From its emergence in the second half of the nineteenth century to its extinction in the 1950s,it is encapsulated in nearly one hundred years of a turbulent,yet impressive,history.Cheeloo Medicine was a strong card of Chinese church medical education.Its typicality and representativeness are embodied in at least three factors.First,the development of Cheeloo Medicine,which represented the highest level of Shandong church medicine,effectuated the entirety of this branch of medicine.Referred to as "East Cheeloo," Cheeloo Hospital enjoyed a lofty reputation as one of the top four hospitals in China along with the famous "North Union,South Xiangya,and West Huaxi" hospitals as early as the 1920 and 1930s.Second,Cheeloo Medicine was jointly created and nurtured by at least 13 Christian organizations in four countries,including Great Britain,the United States,Canada,and China.The diversity of participants and their contradictory attitudes provide an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between Cheeloo Medicine and the local society.Third,the transformation of Cheeloo Medicine from“church medicine" to "people’s medicine"was intensely complicated by events such as multiple baptisms moving south to Fuzhou,internal divisions,factional struggles,a break from the United States,and ideological reforms.Finally rebirthed in the National Department Adjustment Movement,Cheeloo Medicine not only possesses general characteristics of the national church medicine transition,but it also has a unique context,which has important reference value for church medicine transformation research.Indeed,the transformation of Cheeloo Medicine began long before the founding of New China.Instigated by Kuomintang forces and agitated by foreign missions,Cheeloo University College of Medicine virtually abandoned Jinan in Shandong and moved to Fuzhou in Fujian on the eve of the liberation of Jinan in 1948.Only a minority of teachers and students remained in Jinan.Shortly thereafter,the pre-medicine department relocated to the College of Arts and Science in Hangzhou.Hence,three Cheeloo campuses and two leadership cores coexisted in China,resulting in a North-South confrontation.The southward migration not only induced internal division and factional antagonism in Cheeloo Medicine,but it also laid the groundwork for the later characterization of the new regime as being "backward" and "counterrevolutionary."Following the liberation of Hangzhou and Fuzhou,Cheeloo University College of Medicine returned to Jinan one year later.Although Cheeloo Medicine had achieved integration and unity in form,the negative repercussions arising from the initial migration to the south were not eliminated.The most prominent manifestation was the conflict for administrative power.The pro-KMT conservative forces,represented by Wu Keming,and the pro-Communist newcomers,represented by Yang Dezhai,fought fiercely over control of the university.Ultimately,the new faction forces,supported by the new regime,were victorious as they defeated the "Down Yang" movement twice.Subsequently,Cheeloo Medicine reformed the administrative system,established the first CCP group in Cheeloo Hospital,continuously expanded the influence of the Communist Party,and actively moved closer to the new regime.From the resumption of university power at the end of 1949 to the National Department Adjustment Movement in 1952,Cheeloo Medicine underwent a difficult and profound historical transfornation along with Cheeloo University with respect to reforms of ideology,politics,economics,education,and social services.Ideological and political reforms,which were critical concerns of the new regime,laid the foundation for reforms in other areas.In response to the strong religious climate at Cheeloo University College of Medicine and Cheeloo Hospital,strict adherence to pro-American and American ideology,indifferent political awareness,and a one-sided emphasis on professional skills,the new regime used the university administration and the Communist Party task force as a medium to initiate a series of university-wide political education and ideological reform campaigns.These included patriotic and party-loving education,regular ideological and political education,and pro-Soviet education.As a consequence,awareness of the new regime and the Communist Party was enhanced and the ideological and political consciousness of the majority of teachers,students,and hospital staff was elevated.After the outbreak of the War to Resist U.S.Aggression and Aid Korea,the focus of ideological and political education turned to comprehensively accusing the United States of aggressive patriotic education,gradually transforming the long-standing admiration and fear of the U.S.into anti-U.S.hatred and sentiments.By encouraging students to join the army and organizing medical teams to assist on the battlefield by treating the wounded and sick members of the People’s Voluntary Army,Cheeloo Medical College and its affiliated hospital drew a line away from the United States,united all staff and students under the banner of loving the party and the country,supporting the army,and thereby laid the ideological foundation for the subsequent adjustment of the departments.Simultaneous with political education and ideological reform,other reforms to Cheeloo Medicine transpired.Economically,in the face of economic blockades by Western countries,Cheeloo University College of Medicine and Cheeloo Hospital discontinued their reliance on foreign churches for funding and actively sought funds from the new government.By accepting donations conditionally and participating in campaigns associated with the Asset Inventory Movement and the Increasing Production and Saving Movement,additional funding channels were explored.Cheeloo University College of Medicine eventually dissolved its economic ties with foreign churches and achieved complete economic self-reliance.With respect to education,in response to the new government’s guidelines of"Education for Workers and Farmers,and for Production and Construction," Cheeloo University College of Medicine executed profound reforms to enrollment targets,enrollment quotas,admission qualifications,training objectives,school system hours,and teaching courses in an effort to consistently meet the urgent needs of new China for medical talent.In terms of social services,Cheeloo Hospital actively participated in post-disaster medical relief,disease prevention and control,and public health education,and thereby organically combined its professional advantages with serving the society.Implementation of the aforementioned reform measures not only reflected the external requirements of the new regime and the new ruling party,but they also reinforced the internal adjustment efforts made by Cheeloo Medicine to assess the situation and adapt in the new era.In October 1952,Cheeloo University was dissolved by the National Department Adjustment Movement.Cheeloo Medical College and Cheeloo Hospital were disbanded and reorganized,followed by fundamental changes to the ownership structure and organization attributes of "Cheeloo Medicine." Cheeloo University College of Medicine and Shandong Medical College merged to form the new Shandong Medical College,and the affiliated Cheeloo Hospital became the affiliated hospital of the new Shandong Medical College.Cheeloo Medicine has since been reborn from nirvana and entered a new period of historical development.Despite the many changes,its excellent cultural genes and traditional humanistic roots have been inherited,retained,and eventually transformed into today’s Cheeloo Medical School of Shandong University and Cheeloo Hospital.The history of Cheeloo Medicine is also a history of interaction between church medicine and Shandong local society.The two influenced each other,shaped each other,assimilated with each other,and merged in the end.Cheeloo Medicine,which has attempted to maintain a balance between Western traditions and Chinese culture,religious beliefs and secular life,foreign resources and local forces,and modernization and traditional inertia,finally has fulfilled its historical mission through thorough localization and sinicization. |
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