Nutritional Value Evaluation Of Some By-products Of Rice And Its Comparative Study In Goose

Feeding experiment,metabolic experiment,metagenomics and metabolomics were used to study the nutritional value evaluation of some by-products of rice and its comparative study in goose.In order to provide refence for the application of by-products of rice in geese.1.Evaluation of feed nutritional value of defatted rice bran and its application in goose production.In this experiment,the nutritional components of defatted rice bran were determined by chemical method,and the metabolizable energy and nutrient utilization rate of defatted rice bran in geese were determined by force-fed method.The nutritional value of defatted rice bran and the appropriate amount of defatted rice bran in the feed of Yangzhou geese aged from 28 to 70 days were evaluated.A total of 300 28-day-old healthy male Yangzhou goslings with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups,with six replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese were fed diets containing 0%,10%,20%,30%,or 40%DFRB for 42 days.The results show that:(1)The total energy of defatted rice bran was 15.37 MJ/kg,and the contents of DM,CP,EE,CF,Ash,Ca and P were 89.66%,16.56%,1.47%,7.57%,10.62%,0.99%and 1.86%,respectively.The AME and TME of defatted rice bran in geese were 8.17 MJ/kg and 8.95 MJ/kg,respectively.The DM,CP,EE,CF,Ca,and TP utilization of DFRB were 37.50%,54.8%,47.94%,31.00%,28.93%,and 23.00%,respectively.(2)The goslings fed a diet containing 30%and 40%DFRB had a lower final BW and ADG than the 0%DFRB group(P<0.05).The goslings fed a diet containing 40%DFRB had a tower final BW and ADG than the 10%DFRB group(P<0.05).(3)The 0%DFRB group had a greater breast yield than the 30%and 40%DFRB groups(P<0.05).Birds fed 40%DFRB had a greater thigh yield(P<0.05)than those fed 0%DFRB.(4)The geese fed diets containing 20%,30%,and 40%DFRB had heavier(P<0.05)proventriculus than those fed diets containing 0%and 10%DFRB.(5)Dietary DFRB had no significant effect(P>0.05)on serum biochemical variable,body size,meat quality,serum antioxidant or intestinal morphology.Under the experimental conditions,we recommend that the dietary level of DFRB should not exceed 20%to avoid negative effects on geese.2.The feed nutritional value of broken rice and its application in goose productionIn this experiment,the nutrient content of broken rice was determined by chemical method,and combined with the feeding experiment of 28-70-day-old Yangzhou goose young geese,investigated the effect of replacing dietary corn with broken rice(BR)on goose.In total,240 28-day-old healthy male Yangzhou goslings with similar body weight(BW)were randomly divided into five groups,with six replicates per group and eight geese per replicate.The control group was fed with a corn-soybean meal The BR25,BR50,BR75 and BR100 groups had 25%,50%,75%and 100%of corn replaced with BR,respectively,each with constant metabolizable energy(ME)to crude protein(CP)ratio(ME/CP).The experiment lasted for 42 days.The results showed that:(1)The DM,CP,EE,Ash,Ca and P content of the broken rice used in this experiment were 87.59%,8.13%,1.79%,0.36%,0.01%and 0.07%,respectively.The content of lysine,methionine,arginine,threonine,histidine,iso leucine,leucine,phenylalanine and valine in the broken rice used in this experiment were 0.27%,0.15%,0.65%,0.21%,0.18%,0.31%,0.70%,0.41%and 0.40%,respectively.The DM,CP,EE,Ash,Ca and P content of the corn used in this experiment were 87.04%,7.91%,5.35%,1.28%,0.02%and 0.21%,respectively.The content of lysine,methionine,arginine,threonine,histidine,isoleucine,leucine,phenyjalanine and valine in the corn used in this experiment were 0.22%,0.10%,0.35%,0.21%,0.17%,0.21%,0.83%,0.31%and 0.27%,respectively.(2)No significant differences were found in BW at 42,56 and 70 d(P>0.05).ADFI and ADG were also not affected from 28 to 42 d(P>0.05),but BR50 and BR75 groups had a lower F/G from 28 to 42 d(P<0.05).From 42 to 56 d,geese in the BR75 and BR100 groups had a lower ADFI than those in the control group(P<0.05)and geese in the BR75 and BR100 groups had a lower F/G than those in the BR25 grorrp(P<0.05).Geese in the BR50,BR75 and BR100 groups had a lower ADFI from 56 to 70 d than those in the control group(P<0.05).From 28 to 70 d,BR50,BR75 and BR100 groups had a lower ADFI(P<0.05).(3)The control and BR25 groups had a higher flipper score than the BR50,BR75 and BR100 groups(P<0.05),and the control group had a higher flipper score than the BR25 group(P<0.05).All BR groups reduced the bill scoring(P<0.05)(The higher the color score is,the more yellow the bare skin color).The liver and abdominal fat’s b*value of geese in BR75 and BR100 were lower(P<0.05)than those in the control group.The thigh muscle’s pH value was greater(P<0.05)in the BR75 group than that of the geese in the control group.(4)A dietary BR of 62.92%reduced thigh yield(P<0.05).(5)Dietary BR had no significant impact on the body size,serum biochemical variable,relative weights of the viscera or intestinal morphology(P>0.05).It can be seen that the use of broken rice in the diet instead of corn has no significant effect on the BW,ADG and F/G of the goose,but the use of broken rice in the diet instead of corn will reduce the feed intake,naked skin color and color of the goose.The yellowness value of liver and fat.Under the conditions of this experiment,BR cantotally replace corn in geese diets,and we recommend 75%replacement of corn with BR from 28 to 70 d.3.Application of low prote in broken rice diet in the production of young geeseThis study investigated the effects of protein levels(high protein and low protein)on growth performance,slaughter performance,meat quality,cecal microorganisms and cecal metabolites of Yangzhou geese under different diets(corn-soybean meal,and broken rice-soybean meal).In total,240 28-day-old healthy male Yangzhou goslings with similar body(BW)were randomly divided into four groups(corn high protein group,corn low protein group,broken rice high protein group,broken rice low protein group).The metabolizable energy(ME)to crude protein(CP)ratio(ME/CP)of high protein group diet was 72.7 MJ/kg,and that of low protein group diet was 85.8 MJ/kg).Each group had 6 replicates and 8 geese per replicate.The experiment lasted for 42 days.The results show that:(1)Compared with geese fed corn low protein diet and broken rice high protein diet,geese fed broken rice low protein diet significantly increased the body weight of geese aged 70 days and the average daily gain of geese aged 28-70 days(P<0.05).Compared with geese fed with corn low protein diet and broken rice high protein diet,geese fed with corn high protein diet and broken rice low protein diet significantly increased the average daily feed intake of geese aged 28-70 days(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in feed to weight ratio of geese aged 28-70 days among the treatment groups(P>0.05).(2)Compared with the geese fed with corn high protein diet,the leg muscle rate of geese fed with corn low protein diet and broken rice high protein diet decreased significantly(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the geese fed with corn high protein diet and corn low protein diet,the yellowness of liver and abdominal fat of geese fed with broken rice high protein diet and broken rice protein diet decreased significantly(P<0.05).Compared with geese fed with corn low protein diet,geese fed with broken rice high protein diet and broken rice low protein diet significantly reduced the yellowness value of breast muscle of geese aged 70 days(P<0.05).(4)There was no significant difference in relative weights of the viscera,intestinal length,the relative weights of intestinal,serum biochemical variable or intestinal morphology(P>0.05).4.Effect of low protein diet prepared from broken rice on cecal microflora of geeseThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of low protein diet prepared from broken rice on cecal microflora of geese(the experimental groups is the same as the fourth chapter).The research results show that:(1)Ace index,Chaol index,Shannon index and Simpson index had no significant difference among the treatment groups(P>0.05).The dominant bacteria phylum in cecum of each treatment group were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.The relative abundance of Firmicutes in low protein group of broken rice was higher than that in other treatment groups.At the genus level,the abundance of Romboutsia in low protein group of broken rice was the highest.(2)By LEfSe analysis,seven kinds of biomarkers with statistical differences were detected in four treatment groups,among which Romboutsia and Peptostreptococcaceae had the greatest influence in the low protein group of broken rice.(3)Combined with the previous growth performance analysis,it showed that the low protein diet prepared from broken rice improved the growth performance of geese by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes,the level of Romboutsia and the level of Peptostreptococcaceae.5.Effect of low protein diet prepared from broken rice on the intestinal chyme metabolism of goose based on LC-MS analysisIn this experiment,the metabonomics of duodenal chyme and cecal chyme were studied by LC-MS/MS method(the experimental groups is the same as the fourth chapter).The results showed that:(1)Compared with the low protein group of corn,the low protein group of broken rice significantly upregulated the metabolites of duodenal contents are as follows:thiamine monophosphate,pantothenic acid,GMP,isoproterenol,L-cystathionine,nicotinic acid,n-acetylserotonin,creatine,4-oxoproline,protoporphyrin,hypoxanthine,linoleic acid,pyrophosphate,decanoic acid,lauric acid and erucic acid.Significantly down-regulated the metabolites of duodenal contents are as follows:raubasine,taurocholic acid,biliverdin,estriol,camosine,naringeninchalcone,taurochenodeoxycho lic acid,taurochenodeoxycho late,taurolithocholate sulfate,pregnenolone,bilirubin and citric acid.The main pathways of differential metabolite enrichment are the metabolic changes of vitamins,amino acids,lipids and cholesterol.The substances involved in vitamin metabolism are all up-regulated metabolites,including thiamine monophosphate,pantothenic acid,nicotinic acid and 4-oxoproline.Among the substances involved in amino acid metabolism,the up-regulated metabolites include L-cystathionine,n-acetylserotonin and creatine,while the down-regulated metabolites include carnosine.The substances involved in lipid metabolism are all up-regulated metabolites,including linoleic acid,decanoic acid,lauric acid and erucic acid.The substances involved in cholesterol metabolism are all down-regulated metabolites,including taurochenodeoxyc ho lic acid,taurochenodeoxyc ho la te,taurolithocholate sulfate,pregnenolone,bilirubin.In addition,the substances involved in nucleotide metabolism are GMP and hypoxanthine,which are up-regulated metabolites.The substances involved in energy metabolism include pyrophosphate(up-regulated)and citric acid(down-regulated).(2)Compared with the high protein group of broken rice,the low protein group of broken rice significantly upregulated the metabolites of duodenal contents are as follows:7-methylxanthine,caffeine and allantoate.Significantly down-regulated the metabolites of duodenal contents are as follows:thioguanine and pimelic acid.The main pathways of differential metabolite enrichment are the nucleotide and vitamins metabolism.Among the metabolites involved in nucleotide metabolism,the up-regulated metabolites were 7-methylxanthine,caffeine and allantoate,the down-regulated metabolite was thioguanine.The down-regulated metabolite involved in vitamin metabolism is Pimelic acid.(3)Compared with the low protein group of corn,the pathways involved in the significant up-regulation of duodenal content metabolites in the low protein group of broken rice were thiamine metabolism,pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis,vitamin digestion and absorption,purine metabolism,glycine,serine and threonine metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,retinol metabolism,linoleic acid metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,oxidative phosphorylation,and fatty acid biosynthesis.Pathways involved in significant down-regulation of duodenal content metabolites are taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,bile secretion,cholesterol metabolism,steroid hormone biosynthesis,histidine metabolism,ovarian steroidogenesis,aldosterone synthesis and secretion,cortisol synthesis and secretion,citrate cycle,alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.(4)Compared with the high protein group of broken rice,the pathways involved in the significant up-regulation of duodenal content metabolites in the low protein group of broken rice were caffeine metabolism and purine metabolism.Pathways involved in significant down-regulation of duodenal content metabolites was biotin metabolism.(5)Compared with the low protein group of corn,the low protein group of broken rice significantly upregulated the metabolites of cecal contents are as follows:o-cresol,aflatoxin M1,cadaverine,4-oxoproline and o-phosphorylethanolamine.Significantly down-regulated the metabolites of cecal contents are as follows:raubasine,deoxyguanosine,guanine,aldosterone and farnesyl pyrophosphate.The main pathways of differential metabolite enrichment are the changes of amino acid,cholesterol and nucleotide metabolism.The up-regulated metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism are cadaverine and 4-oxoproline;The down-regulated metabolites involved in cholesterol metabolism are aldosterone and farnesyl pyrophosphate.The down-regulated products involved in nucleotide metabolism include raubasine,deoxyguanosine and guanine.(6)Compared with the high protein group of broken rice,the pathways involved in the significant up-regulation of cecal content metabolites in the low protein group of broken rice weas hydroxyproline.significantly down-regulated the metabolites of cecal contents are as follows:1-ascorbate,indole,deoxyguanosine,s-adenosylmethionine and n-acetylneuraminic acid.The metabolic pathway participated by these metabolites was the change of amino acid metabolism The up-regulated metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism was hydroxyproline.The down-regulated metabolites were indole,s-adenosylmethionine and n-acetylneuraminic acid In addition the low protein group of broken rice diet also caused the down-regulation of the vitamin metabolite of 1-ascorbate and the nucleotide metabolite of deoxyguanosine.(7)Compared with the low protein group of corn,the pathways involved in the significant up-regulation of cecal content metabolites in the low protein group of broken rice were lysine degradation,protein digestion and absorption,arginine and proline metabolism,glycerophosp holpid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism and sphingolipid signaling pathway.Pathways involved in significant down-regulation of cecal content metabolites are steroid hormone biosynthesis,aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption aldosterone synthesis and secretion,steroid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis.(8)Compared with the high protein group of broken rice,the pathways involved in the significant up-regulation of cecal content metabolites in the low protein group of broken rice was arginine and proline metabolism Pathways involved in significant down-regulation of cecal content metabolites were vitamin digestion and absorption,tryptophan metabolism,phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,protein digestion and absorption,cysteine and methionine metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids.Based on the results above,conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)DFRB is a kind of feed material with high content of protein,lysine,methionine,crude fiber and crude ash.The use of no more than 20%DFRB in diet will not have a negative impact on the growth performance,slaughter performance,serum biochemical indicators,body size,meat quality and intestinal tissue morphology of geese.(2)Broken rice is rich in nutrients,and its contents of protein,lysine,methionine,arginine,phenylalanine and valine are higher than those of corn The use of broken rice instead of corn in diet has no adverse effects on growth performance,body size,serum biochemical indexes,organ index and intestinal tissue morphology of geese,and the use of 75%broken rice instead of corn in diet can also reduce the F/G of geese.However,the use of broken rice instead of corn in diet will affect the bare skin color score and the color of liver and fet of geese.(3)The low protein diet prepared from broken rice can significantly improve the growth performance of geese,which is related to the fact that the low-protein diet prepared with broken rice can increase the abundance of Firmic utes,Romboutsia and Peptostreptococcaceae.(4)The low protein diet prepared from broken rice can change the amino acid,lipid,nucleotide and cholesterol metabolism in duodenum and cecum,which also is an important reason for the low protein diet prepared from broken rice improve the growth performance of geese.