Research On Chinese Government Safety Regulation Of Nuclear Plant

China will strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.To achieve this goal,China has taken the initiative to adjust its energy structure and has vigorously developed the nuclear power to substitute its original electric power types such as thermal power.However,nuclear plants have some safety risks because the existing nuclear power technology is not safe enough to completely eliminate the nuclear plant's accidents.The serious nuclear plant's accidents have great negative externalities and will cause great losses to the society,and how to effectively improve the safety regulation effect is an urgent research theoretical and practical problem.In the nuclear safety research field,the achievements from the perspectives of engineering technology are already abundant,but that from the perspectives of regulatory economics is rare.Based on the theories of externality,utility theory,behavioral economics and information asymmetry and so on,this paper systematically presents the government safety regulation relating to nuclear power,and the main contents of this paper includes the following five aspects.:(1)Based on the theory of externality,this paper points out that direct safety regulation and indirect safety regulation should be used in different stages of nuclear plant's safety regulation.In this paper,the concept of random negative externality is defined,and the demand of safety regulation in nuclear power industry is discussed from two aspects: the random negative externality of nuclear power operation behavior and the incomplete internalization of the negative externality.Three main links of safety regulation in nuclear power industry are systematically put forward: inherent safety regulation of nuclear power,safety regulation of nuclear power operation and emergency regulation of nuclear power accident.This paper classifies the safety control measures in the economic sense,analyzes the economic effects of direct safety regulation and indirect safety regulation measures,and the application of the two kinds of safety regulation measures in the field of nuclear plant's safety regulation.(2)This paper analyzes the content of inherent safety regulation of nuclear plants,and systematically analyzes the main factors restricting the effect of inherent safety regulation of nuclear plants.This paper analyzes the inherent safety regulation of nuclear plants,including nuclear plant's design safety regulation,site selection safety regulation and construction safety regulation,and points out that information asymmetry,risk preference characteristics of owners,rationality of nuclear power planning,moral hazard and other main factors affect the supply and demand balance of inherent safety regulation of nuclear plants,which leads to relatively insufficient of the supply of nuclear plant's inherent safety regulation.(3)By constructing a two-stage accident theoretical model,this paper analyzes in detail that the safety regulation inspection will have a positive impact on the incidence of nuclear plant accidents on the whole,but the invalid safety regulation inspection has the possibility to improve the incidence of nuclear power accidents.Through this model,it is demonstrated that the influence of safety control inspection on accident probability has three sub effects:elimination effect,substitution effect and coercion effect.The comprehensive results of these three sub effects constitute the overall effect of safety regulation inspection on accident probability.In most cases,safety regulation inspection can reduce the accident probability of nuclear plant,but the safety control inspection will also increase the accident probability of nuclear plant in some cases;if the loss of the nuclear power enterprise is very small due to the regulated inspection and the probability function of the potential safety hazard is an exponential probability function,the safety regulation inspection of the risk-preference nuclear plant by the safety regulation inspection agency will increase the accident probability,and some existing nuclear plant's safety regulation inspections are exactly the cases.(4)In the study of nuclear accident emergency regulation,this paper points out the main factors that restrict the effect of nuclear accident emergency regulation.The regulatory agency should focus on the following aspects in implementing accident emergency regulation of the nuclear plant,First,the adverse effect of the cognitive deviation on emergency preparation input for nuclear power accidents;Second,the impact of nuclear plant accident should be fully considered in nuclear power development plan;Third,the effect of the integration of the emergency resources of the nuclear plant accident on the result of emergency work;fourth,the restriction of the protection of public life and property in emergency areas on the nuclear power development and the result of emergency work;fifth,the compatibility of the emergency mechanism of nuclear plant accident and the demand of serious nuclear plant accident;sixth,the deviation of emergency work caused by the related irrational behavior in the emergency situation.(5)This paper establishes the overall framework of nuclear plant's safety regulation,and puts forward policy suggestions to optimize China's nuclear plant's safety regulation.This paper comprehensively combs China's nuclear plant's safety regulation mechanism,and puts forward suggestions on optimizing China's nuclear plant's safety regulation mechanism.After analyzing the possible problems of China's existing nuclear plant's safety regulation this paper systematically puts forward corresponding regulation policy optimization suggestions for the three links of nuclear plant's safety regulation.Compared with previous studies,the main innovations and contributions of this study are as follows:(1)This paper attempts to build an economic research framework of nuclear plant's safety regulation.This paper extends the concept of inherent safety of nuclear plant from the field of engineering to the field of regulatory economics,and defines the basic connotation of nuclear plant safety regulation.Based on the basic theory of economics,this paper makes an independent analysis of the main contents of nuclear plant safety regulation,which include inherent safety regulation,operational safety regulation and emergency regulation,and analyzes the organic relationship between these contents,which establishes a theoretical framework for the expansion of regulatory economics to the field of nuclear plant safety.(2)This paper extends the use of externality theory to provide an economic theoretical basis for the demand of nuclear power safety regulation.This paper classifies the externality of subject behavior into random externality and deterministic externality according to whether the externality of behavior is appeared certainly or not,and points out that the government must implement effective regulation on nuclear plant's safety for that nuclear power operation behavior has random negative externality and the random negative externality cannot be completely internalized,which provides sufficient theoretical basis for government nuclear plant's safety regulation.(3)This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of nuclear plant's safety regulation with utility theory.After analyzing the mechanism of regulation behavior affecting the probability of nuclear plant's accident with economic theory,this paper points out that nuclear plant's safety regulation inspection can possibly increase the probability of its accident.By constructing a two-stage accident theoretical model,this paper deduces that the safety regulation inspection has three sub-effects on accident probability: elimination effect,substitution effect and compulsion effect.The comprehensive results of the three sub-effects constitute the overall effect of safety regulation inspection on accident probability,which provides a theoretical basis for the scientific design of nuclear plant safety regulation inspection system.(4)This paper puts forward the suggestions of the regulatory policy system aimed at improving the safety of nuclear plant.After analyzing the possible problems of China's existing nuclear plant safety regulation,this paper systematically puts forward optimization suggestions for regulation policy which cover many aspects,such as strengthening safety regulation on some enterprises,reducing the plant's risk preference,optimizing administrative penalty rules,giving full play to the role of nuclear plants' development planning,optimizing the requirements of safety control system,perfecting regulation inspection system and increasing financial means.However,due to the small number of nuclear plant accident,the limitation of nuclear technology related information,and the economic particularity of nuclear power related factors,the data for nuclear plant safety regulation research is hard to obtain,which leads to obvious deficiencies and differences in research methods and research contents compared with other fields of economic research.In this paper,the research of nuclear plant safety regulation can only be carried out through case analysis,theoretical prediction,numerical calculation,and it is difficult to analyze its cost-benefit and other aspects.The particularity of the research object limits the research method and content of this paper,and the lack of empirical analysis also weakens the persuasiveness of the research conclusion.