| As the carrier of real folk life,vernacular architecture not only includes traditional residence,but also covers a variety of buildings to meet the needs of production and life,folk beliefs,commercial trade,military war,such as shops and workshops,temples and guild halls,military outposts and passes and so forth.Vernacular architecture is the main body of built physical environment with its large quantity and wide distribution.Based on local natural environment,vernacular architecture is constructed in accordance with local conditions,existing site topography and materials,conforming to the specific local economy,folk customs and cultural concepts.All in all,it is identified with the dual characteristics of the dual characteristics of "economic and technological expressionsocial and cultural-schema" and is the general term of traditional residence rooted in social culture and economic technology and adapted to the natural climate and customs of a particular settlement environment.Focusing on vernacular architecture,this essay puts forward the research framework of the culture and technics of vernacular architecture in Southwest China.It mainly covers Southwest China,including the core area of Yunnan,Guizhou,Sichuan and Chongqing provinces and the surrounding culturally interweaved area.The research methods adopted is named “culture-technic”,which refers to the reciprocal relationship of culture and technic.This relationship is known for its dualistic symmetry of culture-specific reference and technical signifier,which is formed during the process people reformed the nature and developed to special technology expression,cultural schema and economic theory.Based on construction technology,architectural culture and tectonic culture,this essay aims to explore the fusion of different subjects and establish a holistic concept about Southwest vernacular architecture.The holistic study is presented via its external inspection of flowing deformation and flora type and internal observation of technology expression and cultural schema,in a way to summarize the flora types of southwest vernacular architecture and convey a specific demonstration of it,combining inside and outside,thus realizing the overall study of "southwest vernacular architecture".This paper discusses the process of cultural and technological construction of vernacular architecture under the influence of multiple factors in southwest China,and finally forms a systematic view of culture-technic of vernacular architecture.At the technical level,this essay suggests to demonstrate a temporal perspective by exploring architectural culture and tool technology,illustrating how changes of stone tool production,high cohesive settlement sites,bronze production tool in various states,settlement sites in centripetal pattern,iron tools and axial vernacular architecture contribute to four kinds of style(Pile-dwelling style,Earth-stone style,Well-frame style and Courtyard style)in the time and space process.Besides,the researcher managed to analyze the diachronic change of relating culture and technic of vernacular architecture.What also noteworthy is the effort put in the induction of synchronicity of their culture and technic,displaying a framework of space in terms of human geography and dialects.It reveals a sequence structure of time about three community distributions(natural geography and space,social economy and structure,dialects and regional distribution)and their effect on the formation of four distinguished construction types: Bayu,Qiangui,Dianyun and Kangba.Further,based on material structure,this essay shows a viewpoint of material about group area and archetypal symbols by analyzing the technology expression of post and lintel construction,column and tie construction material structure and county yard construction,Pile-dwelling material structure and Pile-dwelling style,Well-frame structure and construction,indicating the sequences of four material forms(“combination and components”,“cross-frame and node”,“lamination and enclosure”and “construction and homestead”).Then,aiming at a spiritual concept of customs,beliefs and functions,the researcher intends to explore the orientation of construction,the system of construction activity by observing astrology,inner and outer structure,differential mode of association,hypotactic structure,ranking ethnics,worship places,tabu,ceremony and induction and the system in which residents share a joint responsibility,embodying “the practice of obeying predestination and conducting production activities”,“rules of the society of propriety and worshiping ancestor and esteeming gods”and“showing solicitude for people”.In general,this research is expected to contribute to further cultural and technical study on southwest vernacular architecture by summarizing involved reciprocal relationship and concepts of time,space,material and spirit;and tries to prove that culture and technics are far more like a spark that lighted a bonfire in the vernacular architecture. |
