The Research On The Residential Buildings In Central Hunan In The Late Qing Dynasty Under The Influence Of The Xiang Army

In the late Qing Dynasty,there was a wave of construction in central Hunan.In-depth analysis of the reasons for the formation of this phenomenon shows that it is closely related to the rise of the Xiang Army in the late Qing Dynasty.The Xiang Army emerged in the central Hunan region and has extensively affected this region from political,economic,social,cultural and other aspects.The prosperity of residential buildings is the product of this influence,and these buildings also have obvious regional characteristics under the influence of the Xiang Army.This article attempts to associate the historical event of the rise of the Xiang Army with the architectural phenomenon of the prosperity of residential buildings in central Hunan in the late Qing Dynasty.Bring these scattered buildings in this area into a unified perspective for research,deeply dig into the cultural connotations behind these buildings,and think about appropriate protection methods.Based on the in-depth investigation of the existing residential houses in central Hunan during the late Qing Dynasty,detailed surveying and mapping of 18 buildings were carried out,and sufficient first-hand information was obtained.The research on the buildings of the generals of the Xiang Army is the focus of this article.By summarizing the architectural features,structural practices,and decorative arts,the general characteristics of these buildings are summarized: first,the "ritual system" as the core of Confucianism runs through these buildings;secondly,the scale beyond common sense is the cathartic way of "spendishness" adopted by the generals of the Xiang army to make up for the lack of heart;furthermore,most of these buildings follow the local traditions in the construction methods and the use of materials,reflecting the "economical and practical" Huxiang cultural character respected by the Xiang army;by comparing with the residences of the gentry in the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the decorative art of the buildings of the generals of the Xiang Army also changed in the late Qing Dynasty,and has a strong cultural characteristics of the Xiang Army.In order to understand the evolution of residential architecture in central Hunan brought about by the rise of the Xiang Army,this article takes the Liu family's architecture in Lianyuan as an example.It can be seen that the emergence of the Xiang Army changed the development context of the Liu family,which in turn brought about the "mutation" of family architecture.The buildings of the generals of the Xiang Army have general characteristics of typology,but specific to each building,it has its particularity.This article selects Zeng Guofan's Fuhoutang and his brother Zeng Guoquan as an example,to discuss the construction background of the two buildings,Comparing the differences in architecture,and combining the correspondence between Zeng Guofan and his brothers to understand their different views on residential construction and living environment construction,it can be seen that apart from objective factors such as use requirements,economic conditions,and social conditions,the influence of personal cultivation on the appearance of the building is also decisive.This article also studies the ancestral halls and academies of this period.The rise of the Xiang Army brought the development of the clan in central Hunan and the prosperity of the ancestral halls in central Hunan.Studying the genealogy of many local families,it is concluded that the sharp increase in the number of ancestral halls of the military family is the main reason for the prosperity of ancestral halls in central Hunan during this period,and the law of evolution of ancestral halls in central Hunan since the Qing Dynasty is concluded.The discussion on the academy is based on the background of the construction in the late Qing Dynasty.The construction of the Academy during this period is closely related to the rise of the Xiang Army,and the existing Dongshan Academy is used as an example to analyze the characteristics of the academy.The protection of the architectural heritage of the Xiang Army is worrying.This article attempts to propose two targeted protection methods.These buildings can be roughly divided into three types: integrity,damage and ruins.For integrity buildings,due to the age of the buildings,the existing well-preserved buildings inevitably need to be repaired.In actual engineering,the selection of restoration methods often lacks scientificity and objectivity,and related studies rarely use quantitative methods to evaluate the decision-making process of ancient building restoration.Therefore,a model for the selection of restoration methods for ancient building wooden components is proposed,that is,a multi-criteria group decision(MCGDM)method that provides decision information in the form of single-valued neutrosophic set(SNNS)to determine the restoration method of building components.For damaged buildings,a method of building restoration based on the status quo and oral history is proposed.In the case where there is still part of the main building and witnesses who can provide oral information,restoring the building and recording as much building information as possible is a possible "rescue protection" approach.