Research On Spatial Equilibrium Of Urban Basic Education

Spatial equilibrium of basic education can promote the optimal allocation of basic education resources,and it is also the premise and important guarantee to realize the education equity and improve the national cultural literacy.Due to the shortage of high-quality education resources and the lag of supporting infrastructure in new urban areas,the spatial imbalance of the quantity and quality of basic education has become increasingly prominent in big cities.Under the background of the policy of school district’s fixed and encouraging nearby enrollment,the "famous school effect" drives the population to choose schools excessively,which resulting in the development dilemma of some areas are "overcrowded" and short of resources,while others are sparsely populated and have a large number of idle educational resources.As an integral part of urban functional space,the mismatch of education space with residential space and traffic space seriously interferes with the orderly life of urban residents,which becomes one of the problems that perplex the sustainable development of big cities.Therefore,how to realize the spatial equilibrium of basic education in big cities has become an urgent theoretical and practical problem in human geography and urban planning.In the past,the accessibility has been used as the only measure of the spatial equilibrium of basic education.The accessibility reflects the spatial location equilibrium between school layout and students’ residence,which belongs to the category of spatial location equilibrium.This paper holds that the spatial equilibrium of basic education should be a comprehensive concept.It refers to the relative balance of supply and demand,location and quality of basic education in a certain region.Starting from the concept connotation,the paper first constructs the theoretical framework of spatial equilibrium,this paper clarifies the classification types and pattern evolution characteristics of urban basic education spatial equilibrium.Finally the paper explores its constraint mechanism and macro-control path.On the basis of theoretical research,this paper takes Changchun as a research case,which is a sub provincial city and megalopolis in China.Through the construction of the evaluation system,this paper studies the spatial equilibrium of basic education on multiple scales.This paper establishes a regression model to explore its deep formation mechanism.Based on the big data,this paper simulates the population distribution on the micro scale,accurately identifies the spatial balance governance target area,and proposes the precise spatial balance development strategy.The research significance of this paper lies in that on the one hand,in the theoretical construction,it improves the theoretical connotation and emphasizes the multi-scale effect of the spatial equilibrium of basic education.It enriches the research the educational geography theory and the location theory of public service facilities.On the other hand,in the practical exploration,this paper has clarified the mechanism of the spatial equilibrium of basic education and the restrictive factors,which have certain practical guiding significance for the spatial allocation of basic education resources and the optimization of urban spatial structure in big cities of China.The paper is divided into three parts:The first part: questions and theories,which is the theoretical basis of the paper.In the first chapter,based on the analysis of the research background of spatial equilibrium,the purpose and content of the paper are determined,and the research ideas and framework are formed.The second chapter defines the basic concepts,and summarizes the related theories and researches at home and abroad.The third chapter is the theoretical framework of the spatial equilibrium of basic education.This chapter summarizes characteristics of pattern evolution and spatial scale effect,then summarizes the restrictive factors and influence mechanisms.Finally it puts forward the regulatory path of spatial equilibrium development of basic education in China.The third chapter is the concentrated embodiment of the theoretical contribution of the paper.The second part: empirical research,which consists of chapter four,chapter five,chapter six and chapter seven.The fourth chapter is the spatial pattern and evolution of basic education in Changchun.This paper analyzes the characteristics of agglomeration and diffusion of primary and middle schools in Changchun.The spatial rationality of the grade distribution of primary and middle schools in Changchun is objectively evaluated by the calculation of the proportion suitability level.The fifth chapter is the evaluation of spatial equilibrium of basic education in Changchun.On the basis of constructing the evaluation index system,this paper analyzes the pattern evolution characteristics of spatial supply and demand equilibrium,spatial location equilibrium and quality equilibrium of basic education from urban scale,district scale and sub district scale.In this paper,the threshold deviation degree is introduced to quantify the scope and degree of spatial imbalance,identify the spatial heterogeneity of restrictive factors,and determine the main contradictions of regional spatial equilibrium development in different scales.Finally,the spatial cluster is used to classify the types of spatial equilibrium of basic education in Changchun.The sixth chapter is the formation mechanism of spatial equilibrium of basic education in Changchun.In this chapter,based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influencing factors of spatial-temporal differentiation of basic education,the regression model is constructed by selecting indicators,and the influencing factors of spatial equilibrium of basic education are verified statistically.The seventh chapter is the adjustment and control strategy.Based on the Voronoi model,linear density model and obstacle analysis model,this paper clarifies the existing problems.In view of the street boundary is an important basis for the division of school district of basic education,this paper simulates the distribution of resident population on the street scale based on the big data,so as to build a spatial balance governance index,identify governance units,and propose refined strategies of spatial equilibrium of basic education.The third part: conclusion and discussion,which is the content of chapter eight.This part summarizes the whole paper,combs the innovation and deficiency of the research,and puts forward the future research prospects.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The spatial equilibrium of basic education is a comprehensive concept,which includes three aspects: the balance of supply and demand between the school capacity and the number of school population in the school district,the balance of location between the school layout and student residence in the region,and the balance of the quality of school resources in the region.The evaluation of spatial equilibrium and the exploration of internal mechanism need to consider the three aspects comprehensively.(2)The spatial equilibrium of basic education is scale dependent.Under the macro scale,the spatial equilibrium of basic education is good,but with the reduction of research scale,the contradiction of spatial disequilibrium gradually appears.(3)In the city,the heterogeneity of spatial equilibrium is mainly reflected in the spatial comparison between the central urban area and the suburban area.Under the influence of the law of basic education development and external forces,the realization of spatial equilibrium on the macro scale depends on the transmission mechanism of internal equilibrium(peripheral equilibrium)-near field equilibrium(remote equilibrium)-entire region equilibrium.The development of spatial equilibrium is a spiral rising process.In a development cycle,the spatial equilibrium in a specific geographical unit generally experiences three states: low disequilibrium / low equilibrium-high disequilibrium-high equilibrium.(4)The spatial supply and demand equilibrium of Changchun is good in the urban scale,but not optimistic in the district scale and sub district scale.The spatial location equilibrium of the city has been improved significantly.Regional differentiation of quality equilibrium is significant and the progress is slow.The comparative analysis of the three elements of spatial equilibrium shows that the urban core area is mainly limited by spatial supply and demand equilibrium.The old urban areas outside the core area gradually get rid of the restrictions of spatial supply and demand equilibrium and spatial location equilibrium,and mainly focus on quality equilibrium or unlimited.The urban peripheral areas are in the stages of spatial supply and demand equilibrium restriction or spatial location equilibrium restriction.The results of cluster analysis and group analysis show that the heterogeneity of spatial equilibrium is prominent.This puts forward higher requirements for the refined spatial equilibrium development strategy.(5)The spatial equilibrium idea,the development characteristics of education itself,demographic characteristics,real estate development and traffic conditions are the main influencing factors of the change of spatial equilibrium of basic education.Administrative mechanism,endogenous mechanism and interactive mechanism are the internal formation mechanism of spatial equilibrium.(6)The number of spatial equilibrium governance areas of primary schools is small,which is concentrated in the core area of Changchun.The number of spatial equilibrium governance areas of middle schools is large,which is concentrated in the northwest and south of the city.It is an effective strategy to comprehensively improve the spatial equilibrium of basic education to put forward the layout adjustment strategies such as build or expand,merge and integrate,retain the current location.It is also effective strategies to build quality balance units and pay attention to vulnerable areas and schools.